{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:46:00Z","timestamp":1789479960406,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Joint and tendon sheath diseases are a major cause of lameness and reduced performance in horses. Synovial fluid composition changes in response to pathological processes and metabolomic profiling offers a promising approach to detect these alterations. While equine joint metabolomics has been explored, little is known about the metabolomic profile of tendon sheaths. This study aimed to characterize and compare the synovial fluid metabolomic profiles of healthy and pathological joints and tendon sheaths in horses using high-resolution\n 1<\/jats:sup>\n H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, and to identify potential biomarkers associated with musculoskeletal pathology.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Synovial fluid samples were collected from healthy joints and tendon sheaths of routinely slaughtered animals, and from pathological joints and tendon sheaths from owned athletic horses affected by inflammatory or degenerative conditions. The samples were analyzed using\n 1<\/jats:sup>\n H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. Synovial fluid samples were collected from healthy joints and tendon sheaths of routinely slaughtered animals, and from pathological joints and tendon sheaths from owned athletic horses affected by inflammatory or degenerative conditions. The samples were analyzed using\n 1<\/jats:sup>\n H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The metabolomic analysis of equine synovial fluid identified amino acids, organic acids, glucose isomers, and other metabolites. No significant differences were observed in the metabolic profiles of synovial fluid from healthy joints and tendon sheaths (PCA: R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n X\u2009=\u20090.761, Q2\u2009=\u20090.372; OPLS-DA: R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n X\u2009=\u20090.48; R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n Y\u2009=\u20090.292; Q2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.143). In contrast, a clear separation with distinct clustering was observed between healthy and pathological synovial fluid joints and tendon sheaths (PCA: R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n X\u2009=\u20090.88, Q2\u2009=\u20090.684; OPLS-DA: R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n X\u2009=\u20090.775; R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n Y\u2009=\u20090.6772, Q2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.432). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed distinct clustering of healthy joints samples grouping closely with pathological joints samples (OPLS-DA: R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n X\u2009=\u20090.662; R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n X\u2009=\u20090.859, Q2\u2009=\u20090.786). These findings were supported by univariate analysis (t-test, p &lt; 0.05). Similarly, multivariate statistical analysis showed strong discrimination between healthy and pathological tendon sheaths synovial fluid (OPLS-DA: R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n X\u2009=\u20090.742; R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n Y\u2009=\u20090.892, Q2\u2009=\u20090.842), also supported by univariate analysis (t-test,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n Metabolomic profiling by\n 1<\/jats:sup>\n H-NMR effectively distinguished healthy from pathological synovial fluid in joints and tendon sheaths, providing a clear metabolic fingerprint of disease-related alterations that may support earlier detection and a better understanding of equine musculoskeletal disorders. The main limitation of this study was the small sample size, particularly for tendon sheath samples. Additional synovial fluid specimens from both healthy and pathological joints and tendon sheaths would be needed to implement metabolomic data. High-resolution\n 1<\/jats:sup>\n H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy proves to be a valuable tool for differentiating healthy from pathological equine synovial fluid. Metabolomic analysis revealed a specific metabolic fingerprint in diseased joints and tendon sheaths, supporting its potential role in the diagnosis and monitoring of orthopedic conditions in horses.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1671176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T05:17:26Z","timestamp":1765862246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Metabolomic analysis of synovial fluid from healthy and pathological equine joints and tendon sheaths using high-resolution 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Guadalupi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara Roberta","family":"Girelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Della Tommasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica Della","family":"Corte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto Maria","family":"Crovace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Paolo","family":"Fanizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Brehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Lacitignola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Joint disease in the horse","author":"McIlwraith","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16072","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.72","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"2","author":"Martel-Pelletier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23738","article-title":"Biomarkers for equine joint injury and osteoarthritis","volume":"36","author":"McIlwraith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.027","article-title":"Cell-based cartilage repair strategies in the horse","volume":"208","author":"Ortved","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.2746\/042516405774480102","article-title":"Use of synovial fluid and serum biomarkers in equine bone and joint disease: a review","volume":"37","author":"McIlwraith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119276715.ch7","article-title":"Principles of musculoskeletal disease","volume-title":"Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses","author":"McIlwraith","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjp.2024.100220","article-title":"Exosomes from the synovial microenvironment in joint homeostasis and osteoarthritis","volume":"4","author":"Swami","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cartil. Joint Preserv."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030601","article-title":"Review of prospects of biological fluid biomarkers in osteoarthritis","volume":"18","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2019-0014","article-title":"Advances in molecular biomarker for early diagnosis of osteoarthritis","volume":"10","author":"Munjal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol Concepts"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2174\/1573397113666170427125918","article-title":"Synovial fluid and serum concentrations of inflammatory markers in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and Osteoarthitis: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Altobelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rev"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3390\/life10090199","article-title":"Discovery of N-glycan biomarkers for the canine osteoarthritis","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-199305040-00015","article-title":"Markers of osteoarthritis and cartilage research in animal models","volume":"5","author":"Malemud","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103982","article-title":"Canine synovial fluid biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of osteoarthritis","volume":"180","author":"de Bakker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12172194","article-title":"The future of biomarkers in veterinary medicine: emerging approaches and associated challenges","volume":"12","author":"Perera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals Basel"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2012.05.049","article-title":"NMR and pattern recognition methods in metabolomics: from data acquisition to biomarker discovery: a review","volume":"750","author":"Smolinska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6485","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20176485","article-title":"Metabolomics as a promising tool for early osteoarthritis diagnosis","volume":"50","author":"de Sousa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.08.012","article-title":"Osteoarthritis year 2013 in review: biomarkers; reflecting before moving forward, one step at a time","volume":"21","author":"Lafeber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00539.x","article-title":"Synovial fluid chondroitin sulphate indicates abnormal joint metabolism in asymptomatic osteochondritic horses","volume":"44","author":"Machado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.2746\/042516401776254808","article-title":"Racehorse injuries, clinical problems and fatalities recorded on British racecourses from flat racing and National Hunt racing during 1996, 1997 and 1998","volume":"33","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2746\/042516403776114135","article-title":"A molecular marker of type I collagen metabolism reflects changes in connective tissue remodelling associated with injury to the equine superficial digital flexor tendon","volume":"35","author":"Jackson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2746\/042516400777612053","article-title":"Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels in digital sheath synovial fluid and serum with tendon injury","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062155","article-title":"Development of a cartilage oligomeric matrix protein neo-epitope assay for the detection of intra-thecal tendon disease","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00751.x","article-title":"Increased cartilage oligomeric matrix protein concentrations in equine digital flexor tendon sheath synovial fluid predicts intrathecal tendon damage","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22949","article-title":"Metabolic analysis of knee synovial fluid as a potential diagnostic approach for osteoarthritis","volume":"33","author":"Mickiewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1559-0275-11-6","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of human osteoarthritis synovial fluid","volume":"11","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Proteomics"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.02.374","article-title":"Discovery metabolomics and lipidomics of canine synovial fluid and serum","volume":"26","author":"Overmyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"150 and more basic NMR experiments","author":"Sa","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2023.09.027","article-title":"(1)HNMR-based serum metabolomic profiling for patients with diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumor","volume":"46","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(98)00200-9","article-title":"Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis","volume":"281","author":"Meshitsuka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2016.1164242","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of synovial tissue shows altered glucose and choline metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis samples","volume":"46","author":"Volchenkov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2023.152163","article-title":"Utilizing metabolomics to identify potential biomarkers and perturbed metabolic pathways in osteoarthritis: a systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Van Pevenage","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54144-3","article-title":"Comparative study of 1H-NMR metabolomic profile of canine synovial fluid in patients affected by four progressive stages of spontaneous osteoarthritis","volume":"14","author":"Piccionello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13688","article-title":"Determining predictive metabolomic biomarkers of meniscal injury in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"65","author":"Pye","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19716","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23977-1","article-title":"(1)H-NMR metabolomic profile of healthy and osteoarthritic canine synovial fluid before and after UC-II supplementation","volume":"12","author":"Stabile","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13080913","article-title":"Synovial fluid metabolome can differentiate between healthy joints and joints affected by osteoarthritis in horses","volume":"13","author":"Laus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-06-12-0101","article-title":"1H NMR investigation of normal and osteo-arthritic synovial fluid in the horse","volume":"21","author":"Lacitignola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14490","article-title":"Metabolomic and proteomic stratification of equine osteoarthritis","volume":"57","author":"Anderson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.x","article-title":"Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares","volume":"15","author":"Henneke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7020039","article-title":"Assessment of intra- and inter-observer measurement variability in a radiographic metacarpophalangeal joint osteophytosis scoring system for the horse","volume":"7","author":"Lacitignola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14050269","article-title":"Nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) metabolomics: current applications in equine health assessment","volume":"14","author":"Laus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09546-6","article-title":"A multi-omics approach to elucidate the mechanisms of action of a dietary muramidase administered to broiler chickens","volume":"12","author":"Brugaletta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-7-142","article-title":"Centering, scaling, and transformations: improving the biological information content of metabolomics data","volume":"7","author":"van den Berg","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Multi- and Megavariate data analysis basic principles and applications","author":"Eriksson","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W652","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp356","article-title":"MetaboAnalyst: a web server for metabolomic data analysis and interpretation","volume":"37","author":"Xia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.1998.0205","article-title":"1H NMR investigation of changes in the metabolic profile of synovial fluid in bilateral canine osteoarthritis with unilateral joint denervation","volume":"7","author":"Damyanovich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.04.007","article-title":"Characterization of synovial fluid metabolomic phenotypes of cartilage morphological changes associated with osteoarthritis","volume":"27","author":"Carlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)80636-9","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of the metabolic profiles of normal and inflammatory knee-joint synovial fluids by high resolution proton NMR spectroscopy","volume":"332","author":"Naughton","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327852","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1327852","article-title":"Glycolysis: an emerging regulator of osteoarthritis","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.290010309","article-title":"Aerobic glycolysis of bone and cartilage: the possible involvement of fatty acid oxidation","volume":"1","author":"Dunham","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.290050205","article-title":"Aerobic glycolysis: a study of human articular cartilage","volume":"5","author":"Nahir","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101249","article-title":"The role of metabolism in chondrocyte dysfunction and the progression of osteoarthritis","volume":"66","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319827","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1319827","article-title":"The role of targeting glucose metabolism in chondrocytes in the pathogenesis and therapeutic mechanisms of osteoarthritis: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Pi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-024-01169-5","article-title":"Metabolomics in osteoarthritis knee: a systematic review of literature","volume":"58","author":"Arjun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2021.110252","article-title":"Detection of osteoarthritis in dogs by metabolic, pro-inflammatory and degenerative synovial fluid biomarkers and traditional radiographic screening: a pilot study","volume":"237","author":"de Bakker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100180313","article-title":"Amelioration of disease severity by intraarticular hylan therapy in bilateral canine osteoarthritis","volume":"18","author":"Marshall","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.50","article-title":"The role of metabolism in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"Mobasheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12486_28","article-title":"Identification of disease specific metabolic fingerprints in early osteoarthritis","volume":"47","author":"Peffers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5176\/2382-5685_VETSCI13.55","volume-title":"Detection of biochemical variations among normal equine carpal and tarsocrural joint fluids based on infrared spectral characteristics and a modified approach to partial least squares discriminant analysis","author":"Riley","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.8b00190","article-title":"Synovial fluid metabolites differentiate between septic and nonseptic joint pathologies","volume":"17","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14050269","article-title":"Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics: current applications in equine health assessment","volume":"14","author":"Laus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1297361","article-title":"Using animal models in osteoarthritis biomarker research","volume":"24","author":"Garner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Knee Surg"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1671176\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T05:17:28Z","timestamp":1765862248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1671176\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1671176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1671176","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"article-number":"1671176"}}