{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:26:38Z","timestamp":1780583198133,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vector-borne diseases significantly impact global health. Mosquitoes are key vectors for transmitting such diseases, making mosquito control crucial for disease prevention. Carbon dioxide is commonly used in surveillance traps to attract mosquitoes. However, its application in mosquito abatement devices is limited due to environmental and logistical constraints related to continuous CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions. In China, a new mosquito trap utilizing CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was developed using nanoporous silicon-based polymer materials to capture and release CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> from the air. This study aimed to assess the operational efficiency of this CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-enhanced trap in reducing mosquito populations and its potential for residential vector control applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two residential villages with similar mosquito densities and geographic environments were selected for field trials in Ningbo City in 2024. One village was randomly assigned as the control group, while the other served as the test group. Within the test group, three zones were artificially divided to evaluate the effect and scope of the breath-activated mosquito trap in managing mosquito populations. Adult and larval mosquito densities were monitored bi-monthly before and after the trials using BG traps, CDC light traps, and the larval pipette method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Larval and adult mosquito densities were monitored for four months before the trials to establish the baseline mosquito density between the test and control villages; no statistical differences were found (larval, U\u202f=\u202f35, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.798\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.05; adults, CDC light trap U\u202f=\u202f41, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.442\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.05, BG trap U\u202f=\u202f43, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.279\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.05). After the trials began, standard decreasing rates of larval and adult mosquito densities were observed, with 36.24%\u201346.93% larval mosquito density decreasing, 38.22%\u201365.91% (CDC light traps), and 43.05%\u201373.30%; BG traps. Statistically significant differences were found between Zone I and the control village for larval and adult mosquitoes (GLMM, larval <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.026; adult CDC light trap <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.009; BG trap <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.027).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breathing catchers using CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> can effectively control larval and adult mosquito densities in a range of regions. Without insecticide usage and excess CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions, this might be an effective choice for mosquito control in residential areas to prevent mosquito-borne diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1671416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T04:21:20Z","timestamp":1759378880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy of CO2-baited mosquito catchers in controlling vector mosquitoes in residential areas of China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Ethics and vector-borne diseases: WHO guidance","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7679\/j.issn.2095-1353.2023.001","article-title":"Research progress on mosquito-borne diseases and vector mosquitoes","volume":"60","author":"Si","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Appl Entomol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.002","article-title":"The virome of vector mosquitoes","volume":"49","author":"Bde Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2008)45[483:atbcni]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Arbovirus transmission by Culex nigripalpus in Florida, 2005","volume":"45","author":"Vitek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11853\/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.01.001","article-title":"Impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases and related response strategies in China: major research findings and recommendations for future research","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Vector Biol Control"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-022-00647-3","article-title":"Climate change and cascading risks from infectious disease","volume":"11","author":"Semenza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"65","article-title":"Sugar-baited insecticide residues against mosquitoes","volume":"25","author":"Lea","year":"1965","journal-title":"Mosq News"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364740","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1364740","article-title":"Development and field evaluation of a novel sugar bait device for controlling residential vector mosquitoes in Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjae112","article-title":"Comparison of different spectral ranges of UV-LED lighting for outdoor mosquito trapping in forested area in Thailand","volume":"61","author":"Suthat","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08224-y","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of two lures to attract female mosquitoes in an urban natural reserve during daytime","volume":"123","author":"Burroni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjad055","article-title":"Spatial repellency and attractancy responses of some chemical lures against Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Anopheles minimus (Diptera: Culicidae) using the high-throughput screening system","volume":"60","author":"Boonyuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6666-5","volume-title":"Mosquito ecology: Field sampling methods","author":"Silver","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv184","article-title":"Trapping the tiger: efficacy of the novel BG-sentinel 2 with several attractants and CO2 for collecting Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern France","volume":"53","author":"Roiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.13604\/j.cnki.46-1064\/r.2022.10.12","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of BG-trap mosquito traps using CO2 versus BG-lure attractants","volume":"22","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Trop Med"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"165","article-title":"Comether function of CO2 to Aedes albopictus","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin J Vector Biol Control"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-012-0088-8","article-title":"A novel synthetic odorant blend for trapping of malaria and other African mosquito species","volume":"38","author":"Mukabana","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.19821\/j.1671-2781.2020.02.008","article-title":"Mosquito catching effect of mosquito trap lamps at two different CO2 flows","volume":"26","author":"Ling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Hyg Insectic Equip"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0781","article-title":"A review of the surveillance techniques for Aedes albopictus","volume":"108","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref19","year":""},{"key":"ref20","year":""},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-3872.2024.24.013","article-title":"Production and testing of intelligent agricultural dual-use solar mosquito killer system","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric Mach Agron"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-2781.2007.04.016","article-title":"Observation on the efficacy of four ultraviolet lights against mosquitoes","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin J Hyg Insect Equip"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/insects7020014","article-title":"Daily rhythms in mosquitoes and their consequences for malaria transmission","volume":"7","author":"Rund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.11853\/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.006","article-title":"Differential analysis of mosquito species composition and density fluctuation in Zhejiang Province, China, 2021","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Vector Biol Control"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.19821\/j.1671-2781.2024.02.010","article-title":"Application of BG-trap in Aedes mosquito monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin J Hyg Insect Equip."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2987\/11-6151.1","article-title":"Semi-field comparison of the BG lure, nonanal, and 1-octen-3-ol to attract adult mosquitoes in northwestern Florida","volume":"27","author":"Cilek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0580-9","article-title":"Field evaluation of a novel synthetic odour blend and of the synergistic role of CO2 for sampling host-seeking Aedes albopictus adults in Rome, Italy","volume":"7","author":"Pombi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.123147","article-title":"Biochar for sustainable agriculture: improved soil carbon storage and reduced emissions on cropland","volume":"371","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2014.984084","article-title":"Air emission from the co-combustion of alternative derived fuels within cement plants: gaseous pollutants","volume":"65","author":"Richards","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.59.4.473","article-title":"Air pollution and survival within the Washington university-EPRI veterans cohort: risks based on modeled estimates of ambient levels of hazardous and criteria air pollutants","volume":"59","author":"Lipfert","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/13547500903145458","article-title":"Aerosol dynamics and health: strategies to reduce exposure and harm","volume":"14","author":"Rupp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomarkers"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1671416\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T04:21:27Z","timestamp":1759378887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1671416\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1671416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1671416","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"article-number":"1671416"}}