{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:29:45Z","timestamp":1787027385812,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine genital mast cell tumors (MCTs) have been associated with a poorer prognosis; however, no larger study has focused exclusively on MCTs in this region. This study aimed to retrospectively describe the clinicopathologic aspects and outcomes of dogs with cutaneous preputial and scrotal MCTs and compare the findings to historical data from cutaneous MCTs from other locations. Medical records from 2002 to 2024 from a single institution were reviewed and 91 dogs (35 preputial, 56 scrotal) treated surgically with or without adjuvant therapy and a minimum follow-up of 6\u202fmonths were included. Tumors were graded according to Patnaik (preputial: 63% grade I, 31% grade II, 6% grade III; scrotal: 41% grade I, 38% grade II, 21% grade III) and Kiupel (preputial: 91% low-grade, 9% high-grade; scrotal: 79% low-grade, 21% high-grade). Histological evaluation of superficial inguinal lymph nodes was performed in 55% of cases (50 dogs); of these, 16% (8\/50) showed HN3 metastases. The overall median survival time was not reached and the 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 85%, 67%, and 60%, respectively. On multivariable analysis, Kiupel high-grade and tumor diameter of at least 2\u202fcm were associated with a shorter overall survival time, while HN3 lymph node metastases, aberrant KIT staining pattern, and Ki-67 index &amp;gt;23 were not. This data does not provide evidence of an inherently high biologic aggressiveness of preputial and scrotal MCTs. In the absence of other negative prognostic factors, dogs with preputial and scrotal MCTs have a favorable prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1672099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T14:11:40Z","timestamp":1761747100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preputial and scrotal cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs show no evidence of inherently higher biologic malignancy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"\u017diga","family":"\u017dagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Wehrend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarno M.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Kuehnel-Lawatsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tabea","family":"Buehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolf","family":"von Bomhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"739","article-title":"Section D: Myeloma-related disorders","volume-title":"Withrow and MacEwen\u2019s Small Animal Clinical Oncology","author":"Vail","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(03)00003-2","article-title":"Mast cell tumors in the dog","volume":"33","author":"London","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2012.00341.x","article-title":"European consensus document on mast cell tumours in dogs and cats","volume":"10","author":"Blackwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02501.x","article-title":"Biologic behavior and prognostic factors for mast cell tumors of the canine muzzle: 24 cases (1990-2001)","volume":"17","author":"Gieger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.1368","article-title":"Outcome of dogs with mast cell tumors in the inguinal or perineal region versus other cutaneous locations: 124 cases (1990-2001)","volume":"226","author":"Sfiligoi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2021.v11.i4.12","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors for canine mast cell tumors based on the Kiupel and Patnaik grading system among dogs with skin tumors","volume":"11","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-018-0424-2","article-title":"Epidemiological assessment of the risk of canine mast cell tumours based on the Kiupel two-grade malignancy classification","volume":"60","author":"\u015amiech","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.8.936","article-title":"Biological behavior of oral and perioral mast cell tumors in dogs: 44 cases (1996-2006)","volume":"237","author":"Hillman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.68.581","article-title":"Outcome and prognostic factors following adjuvant prednisone\/vinblastine chemotherapy for high-risk canine mast cell tumour: 61 cases","volume":"68","author":"Thamm","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12893","article-title":"Patterns of nodal metastases, biological behaviour and prognosis of canine mast cell tumours of the pinna: a multi-institutional retrospective study","volume":"21","author":"Chalfon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.61.3.233","article-title":"Development, significance, and heterogeneity of mast cells with particular regard to the mast cell-specific proteases chymase and tryptase","volume":"61","author":"Welle","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.1999.00220.x","article-title":"Mast cell density and subtypes in the skin of Shar Pei dogs with cutaneous mucinosis","volume":"46","author":"Welle","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Veterinary Med Ser A"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.401","article-title":"Prognostic factors for survival of dogs with inguinal and perineal mast cell tumors treated surgically with or without adjunctive treatment: 68 cases (1994-2002)","volume":"225","author":"Cahalane","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588402100503","article-title":"Canine cutaneous mast cell tumor: morphologic grading and survival time in 83 dogs","volume":"21","author":"Patnaik","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810386469","article-title":"Proposal of a 2-tier histologic grading system for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors to more accurately predict biological behavior","volume":"48","author":"Kiupel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858211009785","article-title":"Value, limitations, and recommendations for grading of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors: a consensus of the oncology-pathology working group","volume":"58","author":"Berlato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"361","article-title":"The urogenital system","volume-title":"Miller\u2019s anatomy of the dog","author":"Evans","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.44-3-298","article-title":"Cellular proliferation in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors: associations with c-KIT and its role in prognostication","volume":"44","author":"Webster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2014.07.004","article-title":"Correlation of nodal mast cells with clinical outcome in dogs with mast cell tumour and a proposed classification system for the evaluation of node metastasis","volume":"151","author":"Weishaar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2009.00185.x","article-title":"Cytological lymph node evaluation in dogs with mast cell tumours: association with grade and survival*","volume":"7","author":"Krick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359426","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1359426","article-title":"Melanoma of the dog and cat: consensus and guidelines","volume":"11","author":"Polton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15072025","article-title":"Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of canine Hemangiosarcoma: a review based on a consensus organized by the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology, ABROVET","volume":"15","author":"De Nardi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12408","article-title":"The impact of extirpation of non-palpable\/normal-sized regional lymph nodes on staging of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: a multicentric retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"Ferrari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12906","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node mapping in canine mast cell tumours using a preoperative radiographic indirect lymphography: technique description and results in 138 cases","volume":"21","author":"Annoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12071","article-title":"Canine oral mucosal mast cell tumours","volume":"14","author":"Elliott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082373","article-title":"Assessing the risk of nodal metastases in canine integumentary mast cell tumors: is sentinel lymph node biopsy always necessary?","volume":"11","author":"Ferrari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16997","article-title":"Weishaar\u2019s classification system for nodal metastasis in sentinel lymph nodes: clinical outcome in 94 dogs with mast cell tumor","volume":"38","author":"Stefanello","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.13000","article-title":"Incorporation of biologic variables into the staging for canine cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell Tumours: proposal of the UBo pTNM system","volume":"22","author":"Marconato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12806","article-title":"Histologic grade has a higher-weighted value than nodal status as predictor of outcome in dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumours and overtly metastatic sentinel lymph nodes","volume":"20","author":"Guerra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12566","article-title":"Adjuvant medical therapy provides no therapeutic benefit in the treatment of dogs with low-grade mast cell tumours and early nodal metastasis undergoing surgery","volume":"18","author":"Marconato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03043-0","article-title":"A retrospective study on prophylactic regional lymphadenectomy versus nodal observation only in the management of dogs with stage I, completely resected, low-grade cutaneous mast cell tumors","volume":"17","author":"Sabattini","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12425","article-title":"Therapeutic impact of regional lymphadenectomy in canine stage II cutaneous mast cell tumours","volume":"16","author":"Marconato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7015","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34676-w","article-title":"Elective nodal irradiation mitigates local and systemic immunity generated by combination radiation and immunotherapy in head and neck tumors","volume":"13","author":"Darragh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137365","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.137365","article-title":"Importance of lymph node immune responses in MSI-H\/dMMR colorectal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Inamori","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069222","article-title":"Lymphatic territories (Lymphosomes) in a canine: an animal model for investigation of postoperative lymphatic alterations","volume":"8","author":"Suami","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12717","article-title":"Abdominal CT evaluation of the liver and spleen for staging mast cell tumors in dogs yields nonspecific results","volume":"60","author":"Hughes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12563","article-title":"Ultrasound is a poor predictor of early or overt liver or spleen metastasis in dogs with high-risk mast cell tumours","volume":"18","author":"Pecceu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9090473","article-title":"The role of fine needle aspiration of liver and spleen in the staging of low-grade canine cutaneous mast cell tumor","volume":"9","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12773","article-title":"Extensive staging has no prognostic value in dogs with low-risk mast cell tumours","volume":"20","author":"Fej\u00f6s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12565","article-title":"Retrospective outcome evaluation for dogs with surgically excised, solitary Kiupel high-grade, cutaneous mast cell tumours","volume":"18","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Clinical endpoints in oncology - a primer","volume":"11","author":"Delgado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1672099\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T14:11:41Z","timestamp":1761747101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1672099\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1672099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1672099","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"article-number":"1672099"}}