{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:08:04Z","timestamp":1793210884491,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In canine chronic enteropathies (CE) and protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), vitamin D deficiency is recognized as a negative prognostic factor, while 25(OH)D status in relation to other clinical phenotypes has been poorly investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to describe differences in CE dogs according to their response to treatment and to reveal potential associations with retrospective clinical and diagnostic data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 91 dogs were obtained from clinical records and categorized based on their response to treatment into the following groups: food-responsive enteropathy (FRE, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 39), microbiota-related modulation-responsive enteropathies (MrMRE, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 26), immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 16), and PLE (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10). 25(OH)D, determined by UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS from stored serum samples, differed significantly among groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Median levels were markedly lower in the PLE group (10.3 ng\/mL; range 10\u201327) than in FRE (33 ng\/mL; 10\u201368) and MrMRE (37 ng\/mL; 10\u201361) groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). IRE group (20 ng\/mL; 10\u201343) also showed reduced concentrations relative to FRE and MrMRE (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.006). A multivariable linear regression model obtained using data from 75\/91 dogs, revealed that fructosamine and phosphorus were positively associated with 25(OH)D status, while increased c-reactive protein was associated with a lower 25(OH)D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In CE dogs, 25(OH)D is negatively affected by inflammation and reflects the severity of clinical characteristics and serum protein-related biomarkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1677939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T04:13:26Z","timestamp":1760674406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Serum 25(OH)D reflects clinical characterization in dogs with chronic enteropathies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Carla Giuditta","family":"Vecchiato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisa","family":"Bardhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Maria","family":"Tardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Foietta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Biagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Sabetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Fracassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Barbarossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pietra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15345","article-title":"Narrative review of therapies for chronic enteropathies in dogs and cats","volume":"33","author":"Makielski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14050681","article-title":"Updating the classification of chronic inflammatory enteropathies in dogs","volume":"14","author":"Dupouy-Manescau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03011.x","article-title":"Chronic enteropathies in dogs: evaluation of risk factors for negative outcome","volume":"21","author":"Allenspach","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17107","article-title":"Dysregulated serum concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins in dogs with chronic enteropathy","volume":"38","author":"Serafini","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2011.01082.x","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and hypoalbuminaemia","volume":"52","author":"Gow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16595","article-title":"Relationship between serum magnesium, calcium, and parathyroid concentrations in dogs with abnormally low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and chronic or protein-losing enteropathy","volume":"37","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137377","article-title":"Low vitamin D status is associated with systemic and gastrointestinal inflammation in dogs with a chronic enteropathy","volume":"10","author":"Titmarsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15614","article-title":"Comparison of clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic variables in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and low or normal serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations","volume":"33","author":"Wennogle","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13603","article-title":"Association of vitamin D status and clinical outcome in dogs with a chronic enteropathy","volume":"29","author":"Titmarsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1022-7","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D is associated with negative outcome in dogs with protein losing enteropathy: a retrospective study of 43 cases","volume":"13","author":"Allenspach","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"10","article-title":"Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs","volume":"22","author":"Laflamme","year":"1997","journal-title":"Canine Pract."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02450.x","article-title":"Scoring index for disease activity in canine inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Jergens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14010062","article-title":"A novel UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS method for the measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in canine serum and its application to healthy dogs","volume":"14","author":"Bardhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103557","article-title":"Long-term outcome in dogs with chronic enteropathies: 203 cases","volume":"178","author":"Allenspach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70147","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70147","article-title":"Treatment of hypovitaminosis D with cholecalciferol in dogs with protein-losing enteropathies: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Jablonski","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yasa.2024.06.012","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism in canine protein-losing enteropathy","volume":"5","author":"Woods","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Small Anim Care."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302034","article-title":"Meta-analysis of all-cause mortality according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"104","author":"Garland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0170791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170791","article-title":"Vitamin D and mortality: individual participant data meta-analysis of standardized 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 26916 individuals from a European consortium","volume":"12","author":"Gaksch","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.16.1730","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"167","author":"Autier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2021.4","article-title":"Rapid improvement in vitamin D status with dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in vitamin D insufficient dogs","volume":"10","author":"Kurzbard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-020-03111-1","article-title":"Serum concentration of 25 (OH) vitamin D in healthy dogs: factors as age, sex, and diet","volume":"29","author":"da Fonseca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp Clin Path."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.943","article-title":"The effects of age, sex, breed, diet, reproductive status and housing condition on the amounts of 25(OH) vitamin D in the serum of healthy dogs: reference values","volume":"8","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12161","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D in dogs with spirocercosis","volume":"27","author":"Rosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1360-0","article-title":"The effect of diet on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs veterinary research","volume":"8","author":"Sharp","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10120496","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in small animal bone metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Zafalon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolites."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.01.003","article-title":"Calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D in dogs and cats: beyond the bones","volume":"51","author":"Stockman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.1.91","article-title":"Evaluation of serum biochemical marker concentrations and survival time in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy","volume":"246","author":"Equilino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13259","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism in dogs and cats and its relation to diseases not associated with bone metabolism","volume":"104","author":"Zafalon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000546","article-title":"Association between inflammatory bowel disease and vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Del Pinto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03141","article-title":"Relationships between vitamin D, gut microbiome, and systemic autoimmunity","volume":"10","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00019.x","article-title":"Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"34","author":"Cer\u00f3n","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17123","article-title":"In-hospital mortality in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy and associated risk factors","volume":"38","author":"Hawes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12101","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs \u2013 correlation with health and cancer risk","volume":"14","author":"Selting","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15050649","article-title":"Chronic enteropathy and vitamins in dogs","volume":"15","author":"Tamura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.12.370","article-title":"Evaluation of fructosamine in dogs and cats with hypo- or hyperproteinaemia, azotaemia, hyperlipidaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia","volume":"148","author":"Reusch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006069104571","article-title":"An evaluation of serum fructosamine as a marker of the duration of hypoproteinaemic conditions in dogs","volume":"22","author":"Thoresen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1677939\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T04:13:26Z","timestamp":1760674406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1677939\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1677939"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1677939","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"article-number":"1677939"}}