{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:31:28Z","timestamp":1792812688993,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ticks, recognized as the second most significant vector of pathogens after mosquitoes, are of considerable interest in medical research. Although mitochondrial genomes are commonly employed in the phylogenetic studies of insects and arthropods, investigations into tick mitochondrial genomes are relatively scarce. The evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships at the family and genus levels remain unresolved. In this study, the mitochondrial genomes of\n                    <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis warburtoni, Ixodes crenulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus pumilio<\/jats:italic>\n                    were first sequenced and annotated based on the Illumina NovaSeq 6,000 platform, and compared with the mitochondrial genes of 150 other hard ticks. All examined tick mitochondrial genomes exhibit a notable AT bias, with A+T content ranging significantly from 72.28% to 81.06%. They also exhibit distinct codon usage patterns, with most codons ending in either A or U. A phylogenetic analysis, based on 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), confirms that the Ixodidae family forms a monophyletic group. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of 13 protein-coding genes, the relationships of Ixodidae family as follows:\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic>\n                    + (\n                    <jats:italic>Robertsicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    + ((\n                    <jats:italic>Bothriocroton<\/jats:italic>\n                    +\n                    <jats:italic>Archaeocroton<\/jats:italic>\n                    +\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptocroton<\/jats:italic>\n                    +\n                    <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) + (\n                    <jats:italic>Amblyomma<\/jats:italic>\n                    + (\n                    <jats:italic>Dermacentor<\/jats:italic>\n                    + (\n                    <jats:italic>Rhipicentor<\/jats:italic>\n                    + (\n                    <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                    +\n                    <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus<\/jats:italic>\n                    )))))). This study provides in-depth insights into tick mitochondrial genomes, offering important references for research on their systematics, evolution, and species identification, while also laying the groundwork for tick-borne disease control and public health risk assessment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1678349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T05:14:56Z","timestamp":1769058896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative mitogenomic and phylogenetic insights from four newly sequenced tick mitochondrial genomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University","place":["Dali, China"]},{"name":"School of Health Management, Lanzhou College of Foreign Studies","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University","place":["Dali, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanfu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingna","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University","place":["Dali, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaobo","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University","place":["Dali, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weishuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Dali University","place":["Dali, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Dali University","place":["Dali, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital Ophthalmology","place":["Xiaguan, Dali, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujuan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, World Health Organization","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection of the First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and the Clinical Medical Sub-Center of Infectious Diseases of Yunnan Province","place":["Dali, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University","place":["Dali, China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan","place":["Dali, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.2741\/3418","article-title":"An overview of systematics and evolution of ticks","volume":"14","author":"Nava","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/3200","article-title":"Overview: ticks as vectors of pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals","author":"de la Fuente","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. 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