{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:50:04Z","timestamp":1793314204833,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":224,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nonhuman animals use nonverbal cues to communicate their mental state about positive and negative events, including pain. Pain is a multidimensional process that elicits behavioral changes aimed at preventing further damage and promoting healing. These changes include restrictions on movement and\/or activity, as well as adopting body postures to relieve pain. Additionally, changes in the ear and tail position have been associated with pain perception and are considered a sign of pain in several domestic species. Thus, this review aims to critically analyze and discuss the behavioral modifications and body language expressions associated with pain in domestic animals, with a particular emphasis on changes in tail position, ear posture, and overall postural dynamics. This review also aims to highlight the essential role of veterinarians and animal scientists in recognizing these subtle non-verbal indicators during clinical evaluation, thereby fostering early detection and effective pain management through more precise observational assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1679966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T14:31:53Z","timestamp":1760538713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Clinical interpretation of body language and behavioral modifications to recognize pain in domestic mammals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mota-Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra L.","family":"Whittaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Lanzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Bienboire-Frosini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Chay-Canul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismael","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Avalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bragaglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Nannoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Olmos-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Fernandes Bettencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Mora-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Burnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Casas-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temple","family":"Grandin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"2","article-title":"PAin assessment in animals","author":"Reid","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/JSAP.13566","article-title":"2022 WSAVA guidelines for the recognition, assessment and treatment of pain","volume":"64","author":"Monteiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541615","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1541615","article-title":"The neurobiological basis of emotions and their connection to facial expressions in non-human mammals: insights in nonverbal communication","volume":"12","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2024.106206","article-title":"Human-dog communication: how body language and non-verbal cues are key to clarity in dog directed play, petting and hugging behaviour by humans","volume":"272","author":"Walsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80127-7","article-title":"Assessment of pain in animals","volume":"42","author":"Bateson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(08)70004-4","article-title":"Pain assessment and general approach to management","volume":"30","author":"Mathews","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.15454\/XN0H-XM19","article-title":"Douleurs animales","author":"Neindre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Les identifier, les comprendre, les limiter chez les animaux d\u2019\u00e9levage"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.313","article-title":"Challenges of pain assessment in domestic animals","volume":"220","author":"Anil","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92281","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092281","article-title":"Development of the horse grimace scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration","volume":"9","author":"Dalla Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.33.1-2.3","article-title":"Behavioral assessment of pain: nonverbal measures in animals and humans","volume":"33","author":"Keefe","year":"1991","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Pain in context: Indicators and expressions of animal pain","author":"Olivier","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Animal behavior","author":"Breed","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-044854-2\/01397-3","article-title":"Body language","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics","author":"Ponzio","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10071251","article-title":"Body language analysis in healthcare: an overview","volume":"10","author":"Abdulghafor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-032304679-4.10002-4","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of pain","volume-title":"Handbook of veterinary pain management","author":"Muir","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104909","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PREVETMED.2020.104909","article-title":"Attitudes of cattle veterinarians and animal scientists to pain and painful procedures in Brazil","volume":"177","author":"Andrighetto Canozzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.07.030","article-title":"Systematic pain assessment in horses","volume":"209","author":"de Grauw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016720","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1016720","article-title":"The neurobiology of pain and facial movements in rodents: clinical applications and current research","volume":"9","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00022.2017","article-title":"Comparative physiology of nociception and pain","volume":"33","author":"Sneddon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.05.004","article-title":"The neurobiology of acute pain","volume":"237","author":"Bell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38798-7","article-title":"Primary somatosensory cortex bidirectionally modulates sensory gain and nociceptive behavior in a layer-specific manner","volume":"14","author":"Ziegler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoad038","article-title":"Pain","volume":"11","author":"AC","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evol Med Public Heal"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190276","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0276","article-title":"Persistence of pain in humans and other mammals","volume":"374","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.22059\/ijvm.2017.138815.1004701","article-title":"Comparison of different tools for pain assessment following ovariohysterectomy in bitches. Iran","volume":"11","author":"Saberi Afshar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/23144599.2019.1680044","article-title":"Review of different methods used for clinical recognition and assessment of pain in dogs and cats","volume":"7","author":"Hernandez-Avalos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-08935-7.00002-8","article-title":"Nociception and pain mechanisms","volume-title":"Handbook of veterinary pain management","author":"Wiese","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0292224","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292224","article-title":"An ethogram of acute pain behaviors in cats based on expert consensus","volume":"18","author":"Marangoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421436","volume-title":"Pain management for veterinary technicians and nurses","author":"Goldberg","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15572062","article-title":"AAHA\/AAFP Pain management guidelines for dogs and cats","volume":"17","author":"Epstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731112002406","article-title":"Identifying and monitoring pain in farm animals: a review","volume":"7","author":"Prunier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2987.2004.00175.x","article-title":"Attitudes and concerns of French veterinarians towards pain and analgesia in dogs and cats","volume":"31","author":"Hugonnard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.09.007","article-title":"Defining and assessing animal pain","volume":"97","author":"Sneddon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2018.07.003","article-title":"Teaching animal welfare in veterinary schools in Latin America","volume":"6","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-022-01716-3","article-title":"Going deeper than tracking: a survey of computer-vision based recognition of animal pain and emotions","volume":"131","author":"Broom\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref35","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JVEB.2011.08.002","article-title":"Pain-related aggression in dogs: 12 clinical cases","volume":"7","author":"Camps","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Behav"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Kirk terap\u00e9utica veterinaria de peque\u00f1os animales","author":"Bonagura","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.2460\/AJVR.67.11.1826","article-title":"Validation of a structured questionnaire as an instrument to measure chronic pain in dogs on the basis of effects on health-related quality of life","volume":"67","author":"Wiseman-Orr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243589","article-title":"Neurobiology of maternal behavior in nonhuman mammals: acceptance, recognition, motivation, and rejection","volume":"12","author":"Coria-Avila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12070928","article-title":"The neurobiology of behavior and its applicability for animal welfare: a review","volume":"12","author":"Coria-Avila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.5326\/0430235","article-title":"AAHA\/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs & cats","volume":"43","author":"Hellyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/C2010-0-67083-0","article-title":"Handbook of veterinary pain management","author":"Gaynor","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0311-2","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the canine brief pain inventory in a Swedish sample of dogs with pain related to osteoarthritis","volume":"59","author":"Essner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S096272860003178X","article-title":"Development of the short-form Glasgow composite measure pain scale (CMPS-SF) and derivation of an analgesic intervention score","volume":"16","author":"Reid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.05.651","article-title":"Development of a scale to evaluate postoperative pain in dogs","volume":"214","author":"Firth","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.1.109","article-title":"Multicenter, randomized controlled trial of pain-related behaviors following routine neutering in dogs","volume":"233","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020318","article-title":"Pain and problem behavior in cats and dogs","volume":"10","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2023.02.006","article-title":"Dog owners\u2019 recognition of pain-related behavioral changes in their dogs","volume":"62","author":"Demirtas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Behav"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0305925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305925","article-title":"Qualitative behavioral assessment of dogs with acute pain","volume":"19","author":"Zanusso","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503009","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1503009","article-title":"Factors influencing, and associated with, physical activity patterns in dogs with osteoarthritis-associated pain","volume":"12","author":"Stevens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2019.07.010","article-title":"Behavioral problems may be associated with multilevel lumbosacral stenosis in military working dogs","volume":"35","author":"Dodd","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Behav"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119501237.ch55","article-title":"Pancreatitis in the dog","volume-title":"Clinical Small Animal Internal Medicine","author":"Mansfield","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.02.0107","article-title":"Management of acute-onset pancreatitis in dogs: a narrative review","volume":"262","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1152-3772","article-title":"Nasal transmissible venereal tumours in 12 dogs \u2013 a retrospective study","volume":"48","author":"Ignatenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere \/ Heimtiere"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.21708\/avb.2024.18.1.11921","article-title":"Clinical and therapeutic aspects of dogs with transmissible venereal tumor in nasal cavity: report of two cases","volume":"18","author":"Nepomuceno de Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Vet Bras"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.17.525","article-title":"Development of a behaviour-based scale to measure acute pain in dogs","volume":"148","author":"Holton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2011.07.003","article-title":"Gastrointestinal disorders in dogs with excessive licking of surfaces","volume":"7","author":"B\u00e9cuwe-Bonnet","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Behav"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2014.01.011","article-title":"Abnormal repetitive behaviors in dogs and cats. A guide for practitioners","volume":"44","author":"Tynes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am - Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.2.174","article-title":"Refinement and initial validation of a multidimensional composite scale for use in assessing acute postoperative pain in cats","volume":"72","author":"Brondani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19856179","article-title":"Chronic pain in cats: recent advances in clinical assessment","volume":"21","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18808103","article-title":"Acute pain in cats: recent advances in clinical assessment","volume":"21","author":"Steagall","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-143","article-title":"Validation of the English version of the UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale for assessing postoperative pain in cats","volume":"9","author":"Brondani","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.04.013","article-title":"Measuring pain in dogs and cats using structured behavioural observation","volume":"236","author":"Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96453-1","article-title":"Characterization of pain behaviors in kittens following ovariohysterectomy using video assessment","volume":"15","author":"Marangoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JFMS.2009.09.016","article-title":"A study of owner observed behavioural and lifestyle changes in cats with musculoskeletal disease before and after analgesic therapy","volume":"11","author":"Bennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.02.0120","article-title":"Dog owners\u2019 perceptions and veterinary-related decisions pertaining to changes in their dog\u2019s behavior that could indicate pain","volume":"262","author":"Kogan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098612X241272885","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X241272885","article-title":"Behaviors suggestive of pain: the perceptions and veterinary-related decisions of cat guardians in the USA","volume":"26","author":"Kogan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061483","article-title":"Pain management in farm animals: focus on cattle, sheep and pigs","volume":"11","author":"Steagall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"313","article-title":"Agresividad canina","volume-title":"Manual de comportamiento en peque\u00f1os animales","author":"Mertens","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR201914028","article-title":"Facial expressions and emotions in domestic animals","volume":"14","author":"Lezama-Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"CAB Rev Perspect Agric Vet Sci Nutr Nat Resour"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.05.022","article-title":"Reproductive behavior of small animals","volume":"64","author":"Kustritz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12020176","article-title":"Alteration in activity patterns of cows as a result of pain due to health conditions","volume":"12","author":"Mainau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115001391","article-title":"Impact of subclinical and clinical mastitis on sensitivity to pain of dairy cows","volume":"9","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6994","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-5247","article-title":"Behavioral changes in dairy cows with mastitis","volume":"95","author":"Medrano-Galarza","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8347","article-title":"Behavioral changes in freestall-housed dairy cows with naturally occurring clinical mastitis","volume":"98","author":"Fogsgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.04.005","article-title":"Impact of acute clinical mastitis on cow behaviour","volume":"132","author":"Siivonen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13588","article-title":"Effect of milk cessation method at dry-off on behavioral activity of dairy cows","volume":"101","author":"Rajala-Schultz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11342","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15058","article-title":"Effects of oral administration of acidogenic boluses at dry-off on performance and behavior of dairy cattle","volume":"101","author":"Maynou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-18074","article-title":"Invited review: lying time and the welfare of dairy cows","volume":"104","author":"Tucker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9345","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-23157","article-title":"Metritis and clinical mastitis events in lactating dairy cows were associated with altered patterns of rumination, physical activity, and lying behavior monitored by an ear-attached sensor","volume":"106","author":"Rial","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74417-2","article-title":"Responses to tail docking in calves and heifers","volume":"85","author":"Schreiner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-7583","article-title":"Effects of tail docking on behavior of confined feedlot cattle1","volume":"92","author":"Kroll","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75017-X","article-title":"Tail-docking influences on behavioral, immunological, and endocrine responses in dairy heifers","volume":"83","author":"Eicher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.10.015","article-title":"The long and short of it: a review of tail docking in farm animals","volume":"135","author":"Sutherland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.01.011","article-title":"Behavioural responses of lambs to common painful husbandry procedures","volume":"87","author":"Grant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(97)00102-0","article-title":"The feasibility of using vocalization scoring as an indicator of poor welfare during cattle slaughter","volume":"56","author":"Grandin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(99)00108-2","article-title":"Vocal behaviour in cattle: the animal\u2019s commentary on its biological processes and welfare","volume":"67","author":"Watts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JVEB.2021.10.005","article-title":"Vocalization and other behaviors indicating pain in beef calves during the ear tagging procedure","volume":"47","author":"Schnaider","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Behav"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-4430-eng.agric.v38n4p486-490\/2018","article-title":"The use of vocalization signals to estimate the level of pain in piglets","volume":"38","author":"Da S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng Agr\u00edcola"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6929","article-title":"Postnatal piglet husbandry practices and well-being: the effects of alternative techniques delivered in combination12","volume":"92","author":"Marchant-Forde","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-53-34","article-title":"Effect of local anaesthesia and\/or analgesia on pain responses induced by piglet castration","volume":"53","author":"Hansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(95)00635-4","article-title":"Assessment of acute and chronic pain after different methods of castration of calves","volume":"46","author":"Molony","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.01.006","article-title":"Castration of lambs: a welfare comparison of different castration techniques in lambs over 10 weeks of age","volume":"173","author":"Melches","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.05.009","article-title":"Behavioural alterations in piglets after surgical castration: effects of analgesia and anaesthesia","volume":"125","author":"Yun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1996.35933","article-title":"Behavioural and cortisol responses of lambs to castration and tailing using different methods","volume":"44","author":"Lester","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2020.105143","article-title":"Qualitative behavioural assessment of pain in castrated lambs","volume":"233","author":"Mas\u0142owska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.07.014","article-title":"A meta-analysis of cortisol concentration, vocalization, and average daily gain associated with castration in beef cattle","volume":"114","author":"Canozzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132136","article-title":"Development and validation of the UNESP-Botucatu goat acute pain scale","volume":"13","author":"Fonseca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-22201-6.00008-6","article-title":"Behaviors associated with pain in goats","volume-title":"Small ruminant welfare, production and sustainability","author":"Hempstead","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3814","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13243814","article-title":"Pain assessment in goat kids: focus on disbudding","volume":"13","author":"Kongara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2017.04.001","article-title":"Behavioural response of dairy goat kids to cautery disbudding","volume":"194","author":"Hempstead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.10.026","article-title":"Cortisol and pain-related behavior in disbudded goat kids with and without cornual nerve block","volume":"138","author":"Alvarez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406576","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1406576","article-title":"Multi-dimensional evaluation of pain response in low day-age calves to two types of dehorning","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75084-3","article-title":"Reducing pain after dehorning in dairy calves","volume":"83","author":"Faulkner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(98)00218-4","article-title":"Behavioural and physiological responses of calves to dehorning by heat cauterization with or without local anaesthesia","volume":"62","author":"Graf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR202015013","article-title":"Dystocia: factors affecting parturition in domestic animals","volume":"2020","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"CABI Rev"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023ss01","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.23ss01","article-title":"Neurobiology of emotions in animal relationships: facial expressions and their biological functions in mammals","volume":"11","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anim Behav Biometeorol"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101726","article-title":"Grimace scores: tools to support the identification of pain in mammals used in research","volume":"10","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2018.12.007","article-title":"Positive and negative emotions in dairy cows: Can ear postures be used as a measure?","volume":"158","author":"Lambert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Process"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.1.176","article-title":"Cortical innervation of the facial nucleus in the non-human primate: a new interpretation of the effects of stroke and related subtotal brain trauma on the muscles of facial expression","volume":"124","author":"Morecraft","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00008-3","article-title":"Facial expressions of emotion: a cognitive neuroscience perspective","volume":"52","author":"Erickson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NRL.0000138734.45742.8D","article-title":"The motor cortex and facial expression: new insights from neuroscience","volume":"10","author":"Morecraft","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00043","article-title":"The amygdalo-motor pathways and the control of facial expressions","volume":"8","author":"Gothard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13203161","article-title":"Rat grimace scale as a method to evaluate animal welfare, nociception, and quality of the euthanasia method of Wistar rats","volume":"13","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"1","volume-title":"International committee on veterinary gross anatomical nomenclature. Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55693-8","article-title":"Facial expressions of pain in cats: the development and validation of a feline grimace scale","volume":"9","author":"Evangelista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030673","article-title":"Methods used and application of the mouse grimace scale in biomedical research 10 years on: a scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Whittaker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-7-55","article-title":"The rat grimace dcale: a partially automated method for quantifying pain in the laboratory rat via facial expressions","volume":"7","author":"Sotocinal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.12968\/vetn.2020.11.6.282","article-title":"Assessing pain in rabbits: how well does the rabbit grimace scale work in the veterinary practice?","volume":"11","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Nurse"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112113","article-title":"Development of a facial expression scale using farrowing as a model of pain in sows","volume":"10","author":"Navarro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030412","article-title":"Is the piglet grimace scale (PGS) a useful welfare indicator to assess pain after cryptorchidectomy in growing pigs?","volume":"10","author":"Vullo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000526058","article-title":"Postoperative severity assessment in sheep","volume":"64","author":"Zentrich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Surg Res"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2016.09.010","article-title":"Coding and quantification of a facial expression for pain in lambs","volume":"132","author":"Guesgen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Process"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txad105","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txad105","article-title":"Optimal lameness induction model development using amphotericin B in meat goats","volume":"7","author":"Weeder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081411","article-title":"Development of a donkey grimace scale to recognize pain in donkeys (Equus asinus) post castration","volume":"10","author":"Orth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref126","first-page":"231","article-title":"Identifying pain behaviors in dairy cattle functions and effects of pain","volume-title":"WCDS Adv Dairy Tech","author":"Gleerup","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051235","article-title":"Methods for pain assessment in calves and their use for the evaluation of pain during different procedures\u2014a review","volume":"11","author":"Tschoner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture8080127","article-title":"Why pain is still a welfare issue for farm animals, and how facial expression could be the answer","volume":"8","author":"McLennan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.07.013","article-title":"The development and use of facial grimace scales for pain measurement in animals","volume":"116","author":"Mogil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137818","article-title":"EquiFACS: the equine facial action coding system","volume":"10","author":"Wathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345231","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.19.345231","article-title":"Facial expressions of emotional stress in horses","volume":"19","author":"Lundblad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Behav Cogn"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098612X221145499","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221145499","article-title":"Can cat caregivers reliably assess acute pain in cats using the feline grimace scale? A large bilingual global survey","volume":"25","author":"Monteiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677214559084","article-title":"Using the mouse grimace scale to assess pain associated with routine ear notching and the effect of analgesia in laboratory mice","volume":"49","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44437","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044437","article-title":"Evaluation of EMLA cream for preventing pain during tattooing of rabbits: changes in physiological, behavioural and facial expression responses","volume":"7","author":"Keating","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00051","article-title":"Development of a piglet grimace scale to evaluate piglet pain using facial expressions following castration and tail docking: a pilot study","volume":"4","author":"Viscardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175839","article-title":"The sheep grimace scale as an indicator of post-operative distress and pain in laboratory sheep","volume":"12","author":"H\u00e4ger","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.09.006","article-title":"Assessment of acute pain experienced by piglets from ear tagging, ear notching and intraperitoneal injectable transponders","volume":"127","author":"Leslie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0252417","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252417","article-title":"Development of the Bristol rabbit pain scale (BRPS): a multidimensional composite pain scale specific to rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"16","author":"Benato","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref139","first-page":"135","article-title":"Assessment of pain level in cats using facial keypoint detection and the feline grimace scale","author":"Pertpraiwong","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00302","article-title":"Inter-rater reliability of the feline grimace scale in cats undergoing dental extractions","volume":"7","author":"Watanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12283","article-title":"Evaluation of facial expression in acute pain in cats","volume":"55","author":"Holden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0150040","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150040","article-title":"Behavioural signs of pain in cats: an expert consensus","volume":"11","author":"Merola","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BCMD.2015.12.006","article-title":"Quantification of pain in sickle mice using facial expressions and body measurements","volume":"57","author":"Mittal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0200339","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200339","article-title":"Can grimace scales estimate the pain status in horses and mice? A statistical approach to identify a classifier","volume":"13","author":"Dalla Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00462","article-title":"Evidence of pain, stress, and fear of humans during tail docking and the next four weeks in piglets (Sus scrofa domesticus)","volume":"6","author":"Tallet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.08.023","article-title":"Pain evaluation in dairy cattle","volume":"171","author":"Gleerup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.37077\/25200860.2019.123","article-title":"Changes in ear postures of kid goats in response to ear tagging","volume":"32","author":"Hussein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Basrah J Agric Sci"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12212","article-title":"An equine pain face","volume":"42","author":"Gleerup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-023-50383-Y","article-title":"Changes in the equine facial repertoire during different orthopedic pain intensities","volume":"14","author":"Ask","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.10.008","article-title":"A behaviour-based pain scale for horses with acute colic: scale construction","volume":"196","author":"Sutton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2021.03.006","article-title":"Feline idiopathic cystitis: pathogenesis, histopathology and comparative potential","volume":"185","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1095-8312.2007.00803.X","article-title":"Insect-repelling behaviour in bovids: role of mass, tail length, and group size","volume":"91","author":"Mooring","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc"},{"key":"ref153","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pr\u00e1cticas zoot\u00e9cnicas dolorosas. Evaluaci\u00f3n y alternativas para el bienestar animal","author":"Orihuela","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref154","first-page":"16\u201322","volume-title":"Atlas en color de anatomia veterianria rumiantes. Segunda","author":"Ashdown","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.2984-2995","article-title":"Nociceptive pain and axiety in equines: physiological and behavioral alterations","volume":"14","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez- Avalos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000416006.55218.D0","article-title":"Acute and impaired wound healing: pathophysiology and current methods for drug delivery, part 1: Normal and chronic wounds: biology, causes, and approaches to care","volume":"25","author":"Demidova-Rice","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118999196.ch24","article-title":"The recognition and assessment of pain in cats","volume-title":"Pain Management in Veterinary Practice","author":"Seksel","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2017.128900","article-title":"Recognition and behavioral assessment of acute pain in cats: literature review","volume":"54","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1163\/156853976x00307","article-title":"The tail movements of ungulates, canids and felids with particular reference to their causation and function as displays","volume":"56","author":"Kiley-Worthington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010113","article-title":"Exploring the use of a qualitative behavioural assessment approach to assess emotional state of calves in rodeos","volume":"10","author":"Rizzuto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"343","article-title":"Use of mechanical rotating brushes in dairy cows\u2014a potential proxy for performance and welfare","volume-title":"Precision dairy farming","author":"Keeling","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753080","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2021.753080","article-title":"Towards a positive welfare protocol for cattle: a critical review of indicators and suggestion of how we might proceed","volume":"2","author":"Keeling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2020.105079","article-title":"Tail postures and tail motion in pigs: a review","volume":"230","author":"Camerlink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3390\/ANI13030529","article-title":"Behavior of piglets in an observation arena before and after surgical castration with local anesthesia","volume":"13","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim an open access J from MDPI"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74305-1","article-title":"Effects of tail docking using a rubber ring with or without anesthetic on behavior and production of lactating cows","volume":"85","author":"Tom","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31871","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83279-6","article-title":"Predictive modeling of cattle calving time emphasizing abnormal and normal cases by using posture analysis","volume":"14","author":"Khin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19277","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of a tail-activity measuring device for calving prediction in dairy cattle","volume":"104","author":"Vo\u00df","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00108","article-title":"A review of pain assessment in pigs","volume":"3","author":"Ison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200606000-00022","article-title":"Parturition in the rat. A physiological pain model","volume":"104","author":"Catheline","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7528","article-title":"Association of abnormal hind-limb postures and back arch with gait abnormality in dairy cattle","volume":"97","author":"Hoffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.23750\/ABM.V88I1.5309","article-title":"Posture and posturology, anatomical and physiological profiles: overview and current state of art","volume":"88","author":"Carini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.3390\/ANI14131960\/S1","article-title":"Dynamic and postural changes in forelimb amputee dogs: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MATH.2015.01.008","article-title":"Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 1: basic science and principles of assessment and clinical interventions","volume":"20","author":"R\u00f6ijezon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100440","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COPHYS.2021.05.003","article-title":"Proprioception: clinical relevance and neurophysiology","volume":"23","author":"Prochazka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Physio"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2017.08.001","article-title":"Physiology of pain","volume":"29","author":"Ellison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12192686","article-title":"Analgesia during parturition in domestic animals: perspectives and controversies on its use","volume":"12","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12212899","article-title":"Dairy buffalo behavior: calving, imprinting and allosuckling","volume":"12","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.10.002","article-title":"The identification of potential behavioural indicators of pain in periparturient sows","volume":"109","author":"Ison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1071\/AN13175","article-title":"Outcomes of gestation length in relation to farrowing performance in sows and daily weight gain and metabolic profiles in piglets","volume":"55","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2019-01946","article-title":"Behavioral, physiological, and reproductive performance of buffalo cows during eutocic and dystocic parturitions","volume":"36","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Lozano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CVEQ.2021.04.010","article-title":"Management of colic in the field","volume":"37","author":"Rhodes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.51585\/GJVR.2023.4.0063","article-title":"A review on equine colic: etiology, differential diagnosis, therapy, and prevention","volume":"3","author":"Fereig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ger J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref183","first-page":"1429849","article-title":"Early recognition of pain: improving colic outcomes in horses in Senegal","volume-title":"Front Pain Res","author":"Laleye","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.12968\/vetn.2014.5.7.390","article-title":"Assessing pain and emotional wellbeing in feline patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Cherry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Nurse"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1624","article-title":"Development of a functional scoring system in dogs with acute spinal cord injuries","volume":"62","author":"Olby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119036500.ch28","article-title":"Torso, thorax and thoracic cavity: illness and injury","volume-title":"Analgesia and anesthesia for the ill or injured dog and cat","author":"Mathews","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211066268","article-title":"2022 ISFM consensus guidelines on the management of acute pain in cats","volume":"24","author":"Steagall","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.25271\/sjuoz.2021.9.1.781","article-title":"Pain caused by ear tagging in kids of native black goats","volume":"9","author":"Zebaria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Journal of University of Zakho"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3168\/JDS.S0022-0302(06)72077-X","article-title":"Effect of hoof pathologies on subjective assessments of dairy cow gait","volume":"89","author":"Flower","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5352","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-9296","article-title":"Assessment of visceral pain associated with metritis in dairy cows","volume":"98","author":"Stojkov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.3168\/JDS.2013-7142","article-title":"Assessing experimental visceral pain in dairy cattle: a pilot, prospective, blinded, randomized, and controlled study focusing on spinal pain proteomics","volume":"97","author":"Rialland","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8385","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12796","article-title":"Behavioral and patho-physiological response as possible signs of pain in dairy cows during Escherichia coli mastitis: a pilot study","volume":"100","author":"de Boyer des Roches","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2344","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.2344","article-title":"Treatment options, complications and long-term outcomes for limb fractures in pet rabbits","volume":"192","author":"Hetterich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106163","DOI":"10.1016\/J.APPLANIM.2024.106163","article-title":"Ranking bovine pain-related behaviors using a logistic regression algorithm","volume":"271","author":"Trindade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211043086","article-title":"Attitudes and practices of veterinarians in Australia to acute pain management in cats","volume":"24","author":"Rae","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen103","article-title":"Assessment of pain","volume":"101","author":"Breivik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12269","article-title":"Agreement between veterinary students and anesthesiologists regarding postoperative pain assessment in dogs","volume":"43","author":"Barletta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JPAINSYMMAN.2005.07.001","article-title":"Tools for assessment of pain in nonverbal older adults with dementia: a state-of-the-science review","volume":"31","author":"Herr","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(03)00059-5","article-title":"Assessment of pain induced by castration in piglets: behavioral and physiological responses over the subsequent 5 days","volume":"82","author":"Hay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.11.002","article-title":"Indicators of positive and negative emotions and emotional contagion in pigs","volume":"109","author":"Reimert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114001359","article-title":"Injurious tail biting in pigs: how can it be controlled in existing systems without tail docking?","volume":"8","author":"D\u2019Eath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194524","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0194524","article-title":"Automatic early warning of tail biting in pigs: 3D cameras can detect lowered tail posture before an outbreak","volume":"13","author":"D\u2019Eath","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref203","first-page":"672","article-title":"Veterinary pain management","author":"Gaynor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(02)00186-7","article-title":"Pain alleviation in animals: attitudes and practices of Finnish veterinarians","volume":"165","author":"Raekallio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2020.11.007","article-title":"A survey study on the recognition and treatment of pain in dogs and cats by Slovenian veterinarians","volume":"48","author":"Tomsi\u010d","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JVEB.2019.01.004","article-title":"Attitudes of veterinarians and veterinary students to recommendations on how to improve dog and cat welfare in veterinary practice","volume":"31","author":"Arhant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Behav"},{"key":"ref207","article-title":"An anatomical tool to study facial movements in animals","year":""},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18777506","article-title":"Preliminary appraisal of the reliability and validity of the Colorado State University feline acute pain scale","volume":"21","author":"Shipley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.37.4.358","article-title":"Effects of a pilot training program on veterinary students\u2019 pain knowledge, attitude, and assessment skills","volume":"37","author":"Mich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13348-1","article-title":"Automated recognition of pain in cats","volume":"12","author":"Feighelstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28006","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78406-2","article-title":"Automated video-based pain recognition in cats using facial landmarks","volume":"14","author":"Martvel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442634","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1442634","article-title":"Automated landmark-based cat facial analysis and its applications","volume":"11","author":"Martvel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2021.104371","article-title":"Identifying facial expressions in dogs: a replication and extension study","volume":"186","author":"Bloom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Process"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105734","article-title":"Facial action units as biomarkers of postoperative pain in ovariohysterectomized bitches treated with cannabidiol and meloxicam","volume":"193","author":"Casas-Alvarado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII59096.2023.10388142","article-title":"Video-based estimation of pain indicators in dogs","volume-title":"2023 11th international conference on affective computing and intelligent interaction (ACII)","author":"Zhu","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref216","first-page":"598","article-title":"Automated pain recognition in horses from facial images","author":"Feighelstein","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0258672","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258672","article-title":"Pain assessment in horses using automatic facial expression recognition through deep learning-based modeling","volume":"16","author":"Lencioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref218","first-page":"47","author":"Ruhof","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2021.105260","article-title":"Towards on-site automatic detection of noxious events in dairy cows","volume":"236","author":"Salzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78494-0","article-title":"Automated acute pain prediction in domestic goats using deep learning-based models on video-recordings","volume":"14","author":"Chiavaccini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77147-6","article-title":"Development of the calf grimace scale for pain and stress assessment in castrated Angus beef calves","volume":"14","author":"Farghal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187986","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187986","article-title":"The composition and initial evaluation of a grimace scale in ferrets after surgical implantation of a telemetry probe","volume":"12","author":"Reijgwart","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1455","article-title":"Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse","volume":"7","author":"Langford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105528","article-title":"Automated sheep facial expression classification using deep transfer learning","volume":"175","author":"Noor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Electron Agric"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1679966\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T14:31:58Z","timestamp":1760538718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1679966\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":224,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1679966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1679966","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"article-number":"1679966"}}