{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:10:32Z","timestamp":1789038632061,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Emerging infectious diseases are one of the main threats to global amphibian populations. Frogs and salamanders are already affected by various pathogens, including ranaviruses,\n                    <jats:italic>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B. salamandrivorans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and helminths. Here, we report the first confirmed cases of\n                    <jats:italic>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a ciliate parasite traditionally considered fish-specific, infecting wild amphibian larvae in a natural setting. As part of a passive surveillance program in Catalonia, five dead amphibians (four\n                    <jats:italic>S. salamandra<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae and one\n                    <jats:italic>Rana temporaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    post-metamorph) were collected from a freshwater spring and examined for common pathogens. All individuals tested negative for chytrid fungi and ranaviruses by qPCR. However, histological examination of gill tissue revealed the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>I. multifiliis<\/jats:italic>\n                    trophonts in three of the salamander metamorphs and in the frog post-metamorph. In addition, larvae of forty-two amphibians from other localities in Catalonia tested negative. The observed trophonts matched morphological features previously described in teleost infections, including their characteristic macronucleus and surface ciliation. Our results further validate the previous molecular detections and experimental evidence suggesting the parasite\u2019s potential for cross-taxon infection, raising concerns about the overlooked potential prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>I. multifiliis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in wild amphibians. Given the increasing impact of climate change and habitat alteration on global freshwater ecosystems, this study highlights the importance of including\n                    <jats:italic>I. multifiliis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in amphibian disease monitoring programs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1682567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:20:41Z","timestamp":1764595241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Detection of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ichthyophthiriidae) in two wild amphibian species"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Srisupaph","family":"Poonlaphdecha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norma Collado","family":"Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan Bud\u00f3","family":"Ricart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nannaphat","family":"Suwannarat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Ribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645491","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.645491","article-title":"Long-term monitoring of amphibian populations of a National Park in northern Spain reveals negative persisting effects of Ranavirus, but not Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis","volume":"8","author":"Bosch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605306000093","article-title":"Chytrid fungus infection related to unusual mortalities of Salamandra salamandra and Bufo bufo in the Pe\u00f1alara Natural Park, Spain","volume":"40","author":"Bosch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12707","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12707","article-title":"Integral chain management of wildlife diseases","volume":"13","author":"Martel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conserv Lett"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14081154","article-title":"New data on the larval stages of Leptophallus nigrovenosus (Digenea, Plagiorchiata)","volume":"14","author":"Poonlaphdecha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.48.3.235","article-title":"Diseases of amphibians","volume":"48","author":"Densmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"ILAR 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(Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758) in the Volga basin","volume":"59","author":"Chikhlyaev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.31016\/1998-8435-2021-15-1-16-24","article-title":"Species composition of parasites Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758 (Amphibia: Ranidae) in the vicinity of the Visim state nature biosphere reserve","volume":"15","author":"Burakova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Russ J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.2307\/3285799","article-title":"Experimental infection of striped marshfrog tadpoles (Limnodynastes peronii) by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis","volume":"85","author":"Gleeson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"24","article-title":"Putative Ichthyophthirius identified in the amphibian Bufo calamita through molecular screening","volume":"33","author":"Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3354\/dao060141","article-title":"Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay","volume":"60","author":"Boyle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Org"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02313-13","article-title":"Duplex real-time PCR for rapid simultaneous detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in amphibian samples","volume":"51","author":"Blooi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2017.08.016","article-title":"A quantitative-PCR based method to estimate ranavirus viral load following normalisation by reference to an ultraconserved vertebrate 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Brazil","volume":"65","author":"Corr\u00eaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030429","article-title":"Major emerging fungal diseases of reptiles and amphibians","volume":"12","author":"Schilliger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060696","article-title":"A new disease caused by an unidentified etiological agent affects European salamanders","volume":"12","author":"Manenti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001927","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001927","article-title":"A novel tamanavirus (Flaviviridae) of the European common frog (Rana temporaria) from the UK","volume":"104","author":"Parry","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gen 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Anthropol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14527","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14527","article-title":"Surviving on the edge: present and future effects of climate warming on the common frog (Rana temporaria) population in the Montseny massif (NE Iberia)","volume":"11","author":"Montori","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13239","article-title":"Impacts of thermal mismatches on chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis prevalence are moderated by life stage, body size, elevation and latitude","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105541","article-title":"Climate warming triggers the emergence of native viruses in Iberian 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