{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T16:32:18Z","timestamp":1764088338323,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thoracoscopic surgery is a widely accepted minimally invasive technique in veterinary medicine. However, its application in small dogs is limited by the narrow thoracic space, difficulty accessing midline structures, and the requirement for one-lung ventilation. To overcome these limitations, a single-incision subxiphoid approach with low-pressure CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      insufflation may offer improved visualization and access, but objective, quantitative evidence supporting its feasibility remains insufficient.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight canine cadavers (6\u201310\u202fkg) underwent subxiphoid single-port thoracoscopy under mechanical ventilation with non-insufflation and 3\u202fmmHg CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      insufflation. Visualization quality was quantitatively evaluated using image analysis, and lung lobe accessibility was scored. The feasibility and safety of accessory lung lobectomy using a pretied ligature loop was assessed, including air leakage testing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      insufflation at 3\u202fmmHg group significantly enhanced thoracoscopic visualization compared to non-insufflation group, particularly by reducing visual obstruction from the left middle and right caudal lung lobes. All lung lobes were accessible through a single incision, though the accessory lung lobe was more difficult to approach (mean exploration score: 0.59). Accessory lung lobectomy using a pretied loop was successfully completed in all cadavers without evidence of air leakage, with an average procedure time of 921\u202fs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A single-incision subxiphoid thoracoscopic approach combined with low-pressure CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      insufflation significantly improves visualization and instrument maneuverability in small-breed canine cadavers. This method also enables complete lung lobe exploration and allows safe and effective accessory lung lobectomy using a pretied ligature loop.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1682911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T16:21:37Z","timestamp":1764087697000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surgical field visualization and feasibility of accessory lung lobectomy using a pretied ligature loop via single incision thoracoscopy in canine cadavers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chaewon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suyoung","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2005.00080.x","article-title":"Thoracoscopic lung lobectomy for treatment of lung tumors in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Lansdowne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13886","article-title":"Complications and outcomes of thoracoscopic-assisted lung lobectomy in 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Surg"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.01.0009","article-title":"Effects of combined one-lung ventilation and intrathoracic carbon dioxide insufflation on intrathoracic working space when performing thoracoscopy in dogs","volume":"83","author":"Kanai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350615615441","article-title":"Feasibility of subxiphoid anatomic pulmonary lobectomy in a canine model","volume":"23","author":"Hsieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg Innov"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13174","article-title":"Feasibility of the single-incision subxiphoid approach for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in dogs","volume":"61","author":"Gordo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O17","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13449","article-title":"A randomized, prospective, comparative trial of a variable-angle versus fixed-angle endoscope for exploratory thoracoscopy in canine cadavers","volume":"50","author":"Diamond","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1207","article-title":"Investigation and validation of a novel Endo GIA stapler for canine lung lobectomies","volume":"62","author":"St Blanc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13194","article-title":"Evaluation of a pre-tied ligature loop for canine total lung lobectomy","volume":"48","author":"Cronin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.01.015","article-title":"Evaluation of LigaTie device for total lung lobectomy in small breed dogs - an ex vivo study","volume":"156","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.14309","article-title":"Ex vivo comparative evaluation of feline hilar lung lobectomy using linear stapler, pretied ligature loop, and double-shank titanium clips","volume":"54","author":"Ritson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-021-01382-1","article-title":"Clinical outcome of laparoscopic versus robot-assisted radical cystectomy for patients with bladder cancer: a retrospective study","volume":"21","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232347","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/232347","article-title":"Single-port laparoscopic surgery in children: concept and controversies of the new 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