{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:29:56Z","timestamp":1787027396742,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While in recent years, great strides have been made in treating cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), long-term sequelae of the disease are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to describe the MRI findings of cats who were presented for follow-up care post-treatment with GS-441524.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four cats who underwent treatment for FIP diagnosed based on MRI and were re-presented 13\u201315 months post-treatment were evaluated. Three cats were re-presented with vestibular signs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cases were selected based on clinical signs and history of treatment of neurologic FIP. All cats were examined by a veterinary neurologist or neurology resident at each appointment. All MRIs were reviewed by a board-certified veterinary radiologist. Necropsy of Cat 2 was performed by a board-certified veterinary pathologist. Details of diagnostic test results and treatment were retrospectively acquired by review of medical records. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was performed and interpreted by a board-certified veterinary pathologist at an outside reference laboratory. FCoV PCR testing was submitted to university reference and commercial reference laboratories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All cats presented had been treated with owner-sourced GS-441524 (off-label) for the standard 84 days. All cats improved clinically after treatment, evidenced by neurologic exam findings and owner reports. Three affected cats were re-presented for neurologic decline &amp;gt;1 year post-treatment; one cat remained neurologically stable. After MRI confirmed progressive hydrocephalus in the three affected cats, all were treated with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement, with noted improvement in neurologic status post-operatively. The fourth cat showed improvement of hydrocephalus on MRI based on ventricular size. CSF analysis was performed for all cats, showing no evidence of active inflammation. CSF of three cats were negative for FCoV PCR (one cat had insufficient quantity collected for testing). One affected cat was euthanized for recurrent urinary obstruction; necropsy showed moderate to severe hydrocephalus with mild parenchymal collapse, and no evidence of active infection or inflammation was noted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Progressive post-FIP hydrocephalus should be a differential for cats re-presenting with neurologic signs after treatment for FIP with GS-441524. As the treatment is now legally available in the United States, more cases are likely to occur. It is important to differentiate these progressive post FIP hydrocephalus cases from relapses of FIP, as prognosis and treatment differ.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1694679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T17:11:43Z","timestamp":1763399503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Post feline infectious peritonitis progressive hydrocephalus: a case series"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mallory","family":"Clouse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Ryan","family":"Detwiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika A.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Eich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2004.01.010","article-title":"A retrospective study of 286 cases of neurological disorders of the cat","volume":"131","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14791","article-title":"Clinicopathologic features and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 24 cats with histopathologically confirmed neurologic feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"31","author":"Crawford","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Int Med."},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"The Neurological Form of Feline Infectious Peritonitis and GS-441524 Treatment","author":"Pedersen","year":"2021"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.06.004","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of seizures associated with feline infectious peritonitis in cats","volume":"10","author":"Timmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055116920941477","DOI":"10.1177\/2055116920941477","article-title":"Subarachnoid diverticulum associated with feline infectious peritonitis in a Siberian cat","volume":"6","author":"Hoey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg Open Rep."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718755833","article-title":"A retrospective study of the neuropathology and diagnosis of naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"30","author":"Rissi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02144.x","article-title":"Diagnostic features of clinical neurologic feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"12","author":"Foley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vet Int Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15780","article-title":"Antiviral treatment using the adenosine nucleoside analogue GS-441524 in cats with clinically diagnosed neurological feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"34","author":"Dickinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Int Med."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"201963","volume-title":"History of Feline Infectious Peritonitis 1963-2022\u2013First Description to Successful Treatment","author":"Pedersen","year":"2022"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082257","article-title":"Unlicensed GS-441524-like antiviral therapy can be effective for at-home treatment of feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098612X231194460","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231194460","article-title":"Retrospective study and outcome of 307 cats with feline infectious peritonitis treated with legally sourced veterinary compounded preparations of remdesivir and GS-441524 (2020\u20132022)","volume":"25","author":"Taylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.18849\/ve.v7i1.522","article-title":"Potential therapeutic effects of GS-441524 and GC376 in cats with feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"7","author":"Nekouei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Evid"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098612X231183250","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231183250","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of cats in complete remission after treatment of feline infectious peritonitis with oral GS-441524","volume":"25","author":"Zwicklbauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17221\/59\/2017-VETMED","article-title":"Diagnosis of cerebral ventriculomegaly in felines using 0","volume":"63","author":"Przyborowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16676434","article-title":"Quantification of cerebral lateral ventricular volume in cats by low-and high-field MRI","volume":"19","author":"Przyborowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19825701","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the nucleoside analog GS-441524 for treatment of cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"21","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15574757","article-title":"Detection of feline coronavirus in cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis in cats with and without neurological signs","volume":"18","author":"Doenges","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111068","article-title":"Diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis: a review of the current literature","volume":"11","author":"Felten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14805","article-title":"The relationship between brachycephalic head features in modern Persian cats and dysmorphologies of the skull and internal hydrocephalus","volume":"31","author":"Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Int Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17221\/6698-VETMED","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in dogs: a review","volume":"58","author":"Przyborowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-4022-4","article-title":"Surgical treatment of post-inflammatory hydrocephalus. Analysis of 101 cases","volume":"35","author":"Polis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcad043","article-title":"Hydrocephalus secondary to COVID-19 infection","volume":"116","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"QJM."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07184-x","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus associated with COVID-19 infection: a case report","volume":"22","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infec Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0479-5","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging signs of high intraventricular pressure-comparison of findings in dogs with clinically relevant internal hydrocephalus and asymptomatic dogs with ventriculomegaly","volume":"11","author":"Laubner","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.3547","article-title":"Disproportionately large communicating fourth ventricle: pearls for diagnosis and management","volume":"10","author":"Chari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1694679\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T17:11:44Z","timestamp":1763399504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1694679\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1694679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1694679","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"article-number":"1694679"}}