{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:43:35Z","timestamp":1762523015314,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Testicular teratomas are rare germ cell neoplasms composed of two or more embryonic germ layers\u2014ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. They are uncommon in domestic species, with only a few cases reported in wild mammals, and malignant transformation is rare. We report the case of a European red deer (\n                    <jats:italic>Cervus elaphus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), approximately 4\u202fyears of age, that presented with marked scrotal enlargement. Necropsy revealed an enlarged left testis weighing 3.29\u202fkg. On sectioning, it showed complete loss of its normal architecture, with multiple multinodular solid areas and cystic regions containing dark fluid. An inguinal lymph node was diffusely darkly pigmented, while an iliac lymph node was enlarged and showed complete architectural effacement. Histopathological examination confirmed the presence of a teratoma with differentiation into tissues derived from all three germ layers. Additionally, two distinct cell populations with clear malignant features were identified in the testis and the iliac lymph node. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence studies were performed for their characterization. Antibodies used included pancytokeratin (PCK), Melan-A, vimentin (Vim), c-KIT receptor tyrosine kinase (CD117), S100 protein, and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1), some of which had not previously been used in this species. The results revealed a malignant transformation of the teratoma, with the presence of a poorly differentiated, invasive melanoma (Vim\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , Melan-A\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , S100\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and CD117\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), accompanied by numerous melanophages (IBA1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) in the surrounding tissue and inguinal lymph nodes, and a concomitant metastatic carcinoma (PCK\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), which was identified in the iliac lymph node of undetermined origin. To the best of our knowledge, there are no documented cases of testicular teratomas with these characteristics in wild species of the Cervidae family or in other animal species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1699289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:39:12Z","timestamp":1762522752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case Report: Testicular teratoma with malignant transformation to melanoma and concurrent metastatic carcinoma of undetermined primary origin in a red deer (Cervus elaphus)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Criado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Palomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Desiderio","family":"Lopezosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Zapico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Mend\u00edvil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Benavides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Carmen","family":"Ferreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5319-1.00016-5","article-title":"Male Genital System","volume-title":"Jubb, Kennedy and palmer\u2019s pathology of domestic animals","author":"Foster","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-483375-3.50021-4","article-title":"Scrotum, spermatic cord, and testis: proliferative lesions","volume-title":"Reproductive pathology of domestic mammals","author":"McEntee","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.24070\/bjvp.1983-0246.v15i2p110-113","article-title":"Seminoma in a gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) with unilateral cryptorchidism","volume":"15","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"82","article-title":"Testicular teratoma in gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)","volume":"7","author":"L\u00e9rtora","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"288","article-title":"A testicular teratoma in a Nyala","volume":"44","author":"Keep","year":"1973","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2012.02.001","article-title":"Teratomas: a multimodality review","volume":"41","author":"Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Probl Diagn Radiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800310","article-title":"Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues","volume":"18","author":"Ulbright","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.15934","article-title":"Neuroectodermal rosettes in immature teratomas are not the counterpart of embryonal tumours with multilayered rosettes","volume":"42","author":"Magarifuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5273607","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5273607","article-title":"Somatic malignant transformation of a testicular teratoma: a case report and an unusual presentation","volume":"2019","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep Pathol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000495802","article-title":"Germ cell tumors with malignant somatic transformation: a mayo clinic experience","volume":"42","author":"Scheckel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol Res Treat"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417776","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1417776","article-title":"Case report: metastatic melanoma derived from a somatic-type malignant transformation of a mediastinal teratoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gore.2016.04.005","article-title":"Malignant melanoma arising in a mature teratoma: a case report with review of the recent literature","volume":"16","author":"Brudie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol Rep"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000402","article-title":"Primary malignant melanoma arising in an ovarian cystic teratoma","volume":"27","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-00009577-200511000-00025","article-title":"Metastatic malignant melanoma arising in a mature ovarian cystic teratoma: a case report and literature review","volume":"15","author":"McNeilage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/S00404-017-4437-2","article-title":"Melanoma arising in an ovarian cystic teratoma: a systematic review of presentation, treatment, and outcomes","volume":"296","author":"Zikry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1699-0463.1992.TB04004.X","article-title":"Melanotic neuroectodermal tumour as a predominant component of an immature testicular teratoma. 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