{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T23:25:11Z","timestamp":1783466711194,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobials can be overused in dog breeding facilities, leading to increased resistance among commensal bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial use intensity in a professional canine reproduction setting by assessing the resistance profiles of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolated from healthy breeding bitches, as well as through a questionnaire for breeders. Five bitches from each of 15 kennels in Northern Italy were sampled from the perivulvar skin and rectum, and the susceptibility of the isolated bacteria to a panel of different antimicrobials was determined (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration). Kennels were classified according to their reported intensity of antimicrobial use, and the association between antimicrobial use and resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    was evaluated using Fisher\u2019s exact test (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05).\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited the highest resistance to ampicillin (around 50%), moderate resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (~24%) and cefalexin (~47%), while resistance to the remaining agents was low (generally \u226410\u201315%); the prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    was 7.76%. More than 82% of\n                    <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin;\n                    <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    A-positive methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    accounted for 17.65%. Multi-drug resistant (MDR, i.e., acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories)\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    were 22.53 and 41.18%, respectively. MDR\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    were significantly more frequent in kennels reporting \u2018high antimicrobial use\u2019 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f0.0160). The generally high levels of acquired resistance suggest extensive antimicrobial use, especially beta-lactams. Breeder responses were partly inconsistent, indicating that complementary strategies should be adopted to monitor antimicrobial use in dog breeding facilities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1703350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T05:42:07Z","timestamp":1768196527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial use in breeding kennels and antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from healthy breeding bitches in Northern Italy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Milani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Diana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Corr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Spagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Del Carro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ada","family":"Rota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Bertero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13060551","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in livestock: a serious threat to public 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