{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:19:49Z","timestamp":1787563189282,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This parasite has been reported in humans and dogs from Costa Rica over the past four decades as sporadic reports. In this study, we analyzed eight cases of autochthonous infections in dogs presumably originating from Santa Cruz, Guanacaste, and Santa Ana, San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica, none of which had a history of travel abroad.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight dogs with suspected CVL were analyzed using serological assays (Speed Leish K\u00ae (VIRBAC Diagnostics, France) or Antigen Rapid CaniV-4 (Leish)\u00ae (BIONOTE, Mexico)), five dogs were detected in 2023, and three during 2025. Histopathological staining was applied in cases with spleen, dermal, and lymph node involvement to determine the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      amastigotes. Blood, lymph node aspirates, conjunctival swabs, or cutaneous lesion swabs were also analyzed for the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. ITS1, hsp70, and kDNA fragments. Phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses were conducted for hsp70 and kDNA data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four dogs showed various clinical manifestations that included persistent anemia, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, exfoliative dermatitis, and onychogryphosis, whereas the other four dogs remained subclinical or asymptomatic. Histopathological analysis revealed numerous intracellular amastigotes in lymph node aspirates, spleen sections, and ear skin biopsy. Moreover, seven out of eight dogs were positive in the serological analysis, and the other seven to the\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      ITS1 PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of kDNA fragments revealed that sequences derived from our country clustered with those of\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      from the Old World, rather than with ones from Brazil, indicating a likely introduction from outside the Americas. All infected dogs received allopurinol and, when available, also meglumine antimoniate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infection with\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Costa Rican dogs was confirmed by clinical and laboratory evidence and thus represents the first autochthonous cases of CVL in our country. This study highlights the urgent need for routine canine testing, sandfly surveillance, access to proper treatments, and increased awareness, emphasizing the importance of public health policies for controlling leishmaniasis in both animals and humans from a One Health perspective.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1704403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:33:39Z","timestamp":1769009619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Emergence of autochthonous Leishmania infantum infection in dogs from Costa Rica confirmed by multimodal diagnostics: a case series"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"V\u00edctor M.","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica","place":["Heredia, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Cajal-Omella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinaria Cavallini","place":["Guanacaste, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Campos-Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patologia Veterinaria LAPAVET-ESFA, Catedra de Patolog\u00cda e Histolog\u00cda, Escuela de Medicina y Cirug\u00cda Veterinaria San Francisco de As\u00cds","place":["San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Tuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Veterinaria Dr. Javier Jim\u00e9nez Tuk","place":["Heredia, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Mata-Somarribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses (LPL), Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Alfaro-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional","place":["Heredia, Costa Rica"]},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Guevara-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional","place":["Heredia, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patologia Veterinaria LAPAVET-ESFA, Catedra de Patolog\u00cda e Histolog\u00cda, Escuela de Medicina y Cirug\u00cda Veterinaria San Francisco de As\u00cds","place":["San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joban","family":"Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Helminthology, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica","place":["San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"Romero-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional","place":["Heredia, Costa Rica"]},{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Helminthology, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica","place":["San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica","place":["San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004349","article-title":"A historical overview of the classification, evolution, and dispersion of Leishmania parasites and 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