{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T05:29:44Z","timestamp":1765776584379,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This case report describes a rare instance of a bovine fetus with concurrent umbilical cord torsion and entanglement, which resulted in fetal growth restriction (FGR) and prolonged gestation. A 36-month-old primiparous Holstein cow, 285 days pregnant, was examined after failing to show signs of parturition. Fetal heartbeat was confirmed via abdominal ultrasonography until 295 days post-artificial insemination (AI) but was not detected thereafter, leading to a presumptive diagnosis of fetal death at 313 days post-AI. Following induction, the dead fetus was delivered at 316 days post-AI. Despite a gestational age of approximately 10.5 months, the fetus exhibited severe growth restriction that is equivalent to that of a normal 7-month-old fetus. The umbilical cord measured 40 cm\u2014abnormally long for a 7-month-old fetus\u2014and was tightly wrapped around the right hind limb with more than 360 degrees of torsion along its long axis. Maternal serum analysis revealed persistently high progesterone and markedly low estradiol concentrations before parturition, suggesting that the physiological process of parturition had not been initiated. It is speculated that the FGR resulted from chronic blood flow obstruction likely associated with the umbilical cord abnormalities, which were hypothesized to have occurred during the second trimester (approximately 4 months). The consequent absence of normal fetal signals to initiate parturition and the lack of periparturient endocrine changes contributed to prolonged gestation and underdeveloped mammary glands in the dam. This report represents the first detailed description of intrauterine umbilical cord abnormalities in cattle, demonstrating their potential to cause fetal developmental delay, prolonged gestation, and impaired mammary gland development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1704892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T05:24:59Z","timestamp":1765776299000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case Report: Fetal growth restriction and prolonged gestation associated with umbilical cord torsion and entanglement in a Holstein dairy cow"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Koto","family":"Ohsaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuto","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Ishiguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayaka","family":"Ohtake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayano","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Nakada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomochika","family":"Sugiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2011.11084","article-title":"Association of length of pregnancy with other reproductive traits in dairy cattle","volume":"25","author":"Nogalski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982","article-title":"Genetic and environmental factors that affect gestation length in dairy cattle","volume":"92","author":"Norman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8685","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-26044","article-title":"Gestation length and its associations with calf birth weight, calf perinatal mortality and dystocia in dairy cattle","volume":"108","author":"Mwangi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(13)70274-6","article-title":"The umbilical coiling index.","volume":"170","author":"Strong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.03.004","article-title":"Macroscopic characteristics of the umbilical cord in Standardbred, Thoroughbred and Warmblood horses","volume":"113","author":"Mariella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(86)90027-8","article-title":"The twisted umbilical cord: an expression of kinesis of the equine fetus?","volume":"10","author":"Vandeplassche","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"9","article-title":"Determination of age and weight of bovine fetus (Bos indicus) by biometry","volume":"9","author":"Kouamo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Livestock Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2010.12.012","article-title":"A 24-year retrospective study of equine abortion in Normandy (France)","volume":"31","author":"Laugier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20010610","article-title":"A review of the causes of abortion in UK mares and means of diagnosis used in an equine studfarm practice in Newmarket","volume":"17","author":"Ricketts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2746\/095777307X238534","article-title":"Umbilical cord torsion and coiling as a cause of dystocia and intrauterine foal loss","volume":"19","author":"Snider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"3","article-title":"Umbilical cord torsion","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Dis Q."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2023.10.026","article-title":"Potential risk factors for fetal loss due to umbilical cord torsion in the mare","volume":"214","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1110090","article-title":"High incidence of cord entanglement during early pregnancy detected by three-dimensional sonography","volume":"26","author":"Tepper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00371-5","article-title":"The natural history of antenatal nuchal cords","volume":"189","author":"Clapp JF","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3630-4","article-title":"Neonatal outcome and mode of delivery in the presence of nuchal cord loops: implications on patient counselling and the mode of delivery","volume":"292","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000165322.42051.0f","article-title":"Nuchal cords in term and postterm deliveries\u2013do we need to know?","volume":"106","author":"Sch\u00e4ffer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-005-0110-2","article-title":"Nuchal cord is not associated with adverse perinatal outcome","volume":"274","author":"Sheiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/342065","article-title":"Effect of umbilical cord entanglement and position on pregnancy outcomes","volume":"2015","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Int."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"599","article-title":"Morphology and pathology of the equine umbilical cord","volume":"23","author":"Whitwell","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.64.1123","article-title":"Diagnostic survey of bovine abortion in Korea: with special emphasis on Neospora caninum","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"231","article-title":"Kinking and torsion of the umbilical cord as a cause for the incipient mummification of a bovine fetus (brief clinical report)","volume":"86","author":"Andresen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/S2305-0500(13)60172-4","article-title":"Clinical application of a rapid and practical procedure of transabdominal ultrasonography for determination of pregnancy and fetal viability in cows","volume":"2","author":"Aziz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Reprod."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0207682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207682","article-title":"Fetal age assessment for Holstein cattle","volume":"13","author":"Krog","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"The Physiology of Reproduction in the Cow","author":"Hammond","year":"2014"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(80)83111-0","article-title":"Partitioning of nutrients during pregnancy and lactation: a review of mechanisms involving homeostasis and homeorhesis","volume":"63","author":"Bauman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-012-0194-0","article-title":"Study of length of umbilical cord and fetal outcome: a study of 1,000 deliveries","volume":"62","author":"Balkawade","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol India."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2018.09.001","article-title":"Multiple part umbilical cord entanglement and neonatal outcomes","volume":"57","author":"Mariya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"162","article-title":"Evaluate the risk factors umbilical cord bacterial infection in calves in Shahrekord city","volume":"4","author":"Faradonbeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Entomol Zool Stud."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100001","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0102536","article-title":"Fetal age estimation using ultrasonography in dairy cattle","volume":"2475","author":"Yaseen","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIP Conf Proc."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.67.5.618","article-title":"Short umbilical cord: its origin and relevance","volume":"67","author":"Miller","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194814","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194814","article-title":"Extreme umbilical cord lengths, cord knot and entanglement: risk factors and risk of adverse outcomes, a population-based study","volume":"13","author":"Linde","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s100240010103","article-title":"Abnormal umbilical cord coiling is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes","volume":"3","author":"Machin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00258-S","article-title":"Umbilical cord encirclements and fetal growth restriction","volume":"86","author":"S\u00f8rnes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H100","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1987.252.1.H100","article-title":"Effects of cord compression on fetal blood flow distribution and O2 delivery","volume":"252","author":"Itskovitz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-11-0471","article-title":"Investigations into the mechanisms controlling parturition in cattle","volume":"144","author":"Shenavai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproduction."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"117","volume":"87","author":"Noakes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(73)85199-9","article-title":"Serum luteinizing hormone, prolactin, glucocorticoid, and progestin in dairy cows from calving to gestation","volume":"56","author":"Edgerton","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9800071","article-title":"Aspects of the biochemistry, physiology and endocrinology of lactation","volume":"33","author":"Falconer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Aust J Biol Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1126\/science.163.3874.1458","article-title":"Lactose synthetase: progesterone inhibition of the induction of alpha-lactalbumin","volume":"163","author":"Turkington","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1704892\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T05:25:03Z","timestamp":1765776303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1704892\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1704892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1704892","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"article-number":"1704892"}}