{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T01:41:33Z","timestamp":1785462093025,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The term supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is used to describe tachydysrhythmias originating from structures at or above the atrioventricular (AV) node. While sustained SVT is uncommon in dogs, it is potentially a life-threatening arrhythmia. Electrophysiology (EP) studies and radio-frequency catheter ablation (RFCA) as a way of characterising the cause of SVT and as a definitive treatment are well described in humans and animals alike. In dogs, EP and RFCA are performed under general anaesthesia; anaesthetic management and associated complications associated with EP and RFCA in canine patients are poorly described.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to describe anaesthetic management and evaluate peri-operative complications in dogs undergoing general anaesthesia for EP studies and RFCA for treatment of SVT at a single referral hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective review of the anaesthetic and hospital records of 44 dogs that underwent EP studies and RFCA at a single, referral hospital in the UK, between 2014 and 2024, was performed. Data collected included signalment, clinical findings, anaesthetic protocols, and parameters, as well as intraoperative and peri-operative complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The most common breed was the Labrador Retriever (47.7%), with a median age of 30\u2009months (5\u201395\u2009months). Anaesthetic management included premedication with a pure\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      -opioid agonist (methadone), with or without acepromazine, induction using propofol or alfaxalone, and maintenance with isoflurane in oxygen and air via a circle rebreathing system. Intraoperative complications were recorded and included arrhythmias (97.7%), hypoventilation (84.1%), hypotension (65.1%), hypothermia (47.7%), and non-fatal cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA; 6.8%). Cardiovascular support was required in 75% of cases, including crystalloid boluses, colloids, anticholinergics, vasopressors, and inotropes. The most common arrhythmias were supraventricular tachycardia (97.7%), atrial fibrillation (13.9%), ventricular tachycardia (5.6%), ventricular fibrillation (2.8%), transient third-degree AV block (4.65%), and accelerated idioventricular rhythm (2.8%). Postoperative complications occurred in 22.7% of patients, most commonly mild gastrointestinal signs and arrhythmias. One death occurred 9\u2009h postoperatively, resulting in an overall mortality of 2.27%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      EP studies and RFCA for SVT in dogs can be performed under general anaesthesia with a low incidence of major or catastrophic complications. Anaesthetic protocols using a\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      -opioid agonist \u00b1 acepromazine, propofol induction, and isoflurane maintenance facilitated completion of procedures. Although intraoperative arrhythmias, hypotension, and hypoventilation were common, these events were manageable. Severe complications and peri-operative mortality were uncommon, and overall outcomes were favourable. Careful anaesthetic planning, consideration of the severity of underlying cardiac disease, and preparedness for cardiopulmonary emergencies are recommended to optimise patient management and outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1717394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T15:18:47Z","timestamp":1764861527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anaesthetic management and peri-operative complications in dogs undergoing cardiac electrophysiology studies and radio-frequency catheter ablations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Elliot","family":"Wringe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keagan","family":"Boustead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Iovanescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran","family":"Downing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1760-2734(06)70004-2","article-title":"Orthodromic incessant atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia in a dog","volume":"2","author":"Santilli","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119254355","volume-title":"Guide to canine and feline electrocardiography","author":"Willis","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0490.x","article-title":"Electrophysiologic characteristics and topographic distribution of focal atrial tachycardias in dogs","volume":"24","author":"Santilli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1053\/eupc.2002.0236","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of multiple accessory pathways","volume":"4","author":"Iturralde","year":"2002","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v7i4.11","article-title":"Tricuspid valve dysplasia: a retrospective study of clinical features and outcome in dogs in the UK","volume":"7","author":"Navarro-Cubas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.3.393","article-title":"Anatomic distribution and electrophysiologic properties of accessory atrioventricular pathways in dogs","volume":"231","author":"Santilli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2018.07.006","article-title":"Radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory pathways in the dog: the Italian experience (2008\u20132016)","volume":"20","author":"Santilli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15248","article-title":"Atrioventricular accessory pathways in 89 dogs: clinical features and outcome after radiofrequency catheter ablation","volume":"32","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Approaches to treating a dog with supraventricular tachyarrhythmia","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"VetTimes"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2007.05.024","article-title":"Focal and macroreentrant atrial tachycardia: from bench to bedside and back to the bench again","volume":"4","author":"Lindsay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"361","article-title":"Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular accessory pathways in 3 dogs with subsequent resolution of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"13","author":"Wright","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2010.00147.x","article-title":"Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: evaluation and therapeutic options","volume":"16","author":"Lishmanov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Congest Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"325","article-title":"Chapter 6, \u2018the electrophysiology laboratory and electrophysiologic procedures\u2019","volume-title":"The cardiac catheterization handbook","author":"Kern","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90324-E","article-title":"Radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory pathways: a learning experience","volume":"68","author":"Leather","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-018-0493-1","article-title":"Focal atrial tachycardia ablation: highly successful with conventional mapping","volume":"55","author":"Manolis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14569","article-title":"A review of ASA physical status \u2013 historical perspectives and modern developments","volume":"74","author":"Mayhew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"10","article-title":"Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs","volume":"22","author":"Laflamme","year":"1997","journal-title":"Canine Pract"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15546","article-title":"Lidocaine for chemical cardioversion of orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.816","article-title":"Evaluation of the genetic basis of tricuspid valve dysplasia in Labrador retrievers","volume":"63","author":"Famula","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646437","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.646437","article-title":"Acute effects of pimobendan on cardiac function in dogs with tachycardia induced dilated cardiomyopathy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study","volume":"8","author":"Abbott-Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132110","article-title":"Haemodynamic effects of pimobendan during general anaesthesia in healthy senior dogs: a prospective, randomised, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study","volume":"13","author":"S\u00e1ndez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12338","article-title":"Effects of orally administered enalapril on blood pressure and hemodynamic response to vasopressors during isoflurane anesthesia in healthy dogs","volume":"43","author":"Coleman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu325","article-title":"Patient discomfort following catheter ablation and rhythm device surgery","volume":"17","author":"Bode","year":"2015","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2003.00081.x","article-title":"Catheter cryoablation of supraventricular arrhythmias: a painless alternative to radiofrequency energy","volume":"26","author":"Lowe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199004000-00014","article-title":"Effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane on cardiac and coronary dynamics in chronically instrumented dogs","volume":"72","author":"Bernard","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198403000-00001","article-title":"Baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate during isoflurane anesthesia in humans","volume":"60","author":"Kotrly","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421375","volume-title":"Veterinary Anesthesia and analgesia","author":"Grimm","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.04.003","article-title":"Effects of three methadone doses combined with acepromazine on sedation and some cardiopulmonary variables in dogs","volume":"44","author":"Bitti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2022.03.002","article-title":"Effects of intravenous acepromazine and butorphanol on propofol dosage for induction of anesthesia in healthy beagle dogs","volume":"49","author":"Dantino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"241","article-title":"Evaluation of the arrhythmogenicity of a low dose of acepromazine: comparison with xylazine","volume":"61","author":"Dyson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1972.33.09.1819","article-title":"Effects of acetylpromazine maleate on certain cardiorespiratory responses in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Popovic","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2012.02.002","article-title":"Mechanism of paracetamol-induced hypotension in critically ill patients: a prospective observational cross-over study","volume":"26","author":"Kraj\u010dov\u00e1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.313997","article-title":"Acetaminophen (paracetamol) metabolites induce vasodilation and hypotension by activating Kv7 potassium channels directly and indirectly","volume":"40","author":"Van der Horst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31819002d4","article-title":"Fentanyl added to propofol anesthesia elongates sinus node recovery time in pediatric patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia","volume":"108","author":"Fujii","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.02.010","article-title":"Fentanyl inhibits GABAergic neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus","volume":"1007","author":"Griffioen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198801000-00003","article-title":"Cardiac electrophysiologic effects of fentanyl and combinations of fentanyl and neuromuscular relaxants in pentobarbital\u2013anesthetized dogs","volume":"67","author":"Royster","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)10402-3","article-title":"Hemodynamic and sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in dog","volume":"263","author":"Bloor","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.12623","article-title":"Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic effects of dexmedetomidine on children","volume":"38","author":"Erg\u00fcl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13019","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine use in patients undergoing electrophysiological study for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias","volume":"27","author":"Tirotta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"138","article-title":"Ideal anesthetic agent for cardiac electrophysiology study and catheter ablation \u2013 a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Ameta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiac Critical Care TSS"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000297421.92857.4e","article-title":"The effects of dexmedetomidine on car- diac electrophysiology in children","volume":"106","author":"Hammer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291S","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199902001-00288","article-title":"Propofol infusions for radiofrequency catheter ablation for supraventricular tachycardia in children","volume":"88","author":"Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200206000-00018","article-title":"Comparison of electrophysiologic effects of propofol and isoflurane-based anesthetics in children undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation for supraventricular tachycardia","volume":"96","author":"Erb","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0997","DOI":"10.23938\/ASSN.0997","article-title":"Persistent supraventricular tachycardia after volatile inhalational anaesthetic induction with sevoflurane in a pediatric patient","volume":"45","author":"Rubio-Baines","year":"2022","journal-title":"An Sist Sanit Navar"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.80.4.951","article-title":"Chronic incomplete atrioventricular block induced by radiofrequency catheter ablation","volume":"80","author":"Huang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12309","article-title":"Adverse event surveillance in small animal anaesthesia: an intervention-based, voluntary reporting audit","volume":"43","author":"McMillan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2022.02.006","article-title":"Early diagnosis of acute kidney injury subsequent to severe hypotension and fluid resuscitation in anaesthetized dogs","volume":"49","author":"Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000765","article-title":"Association of intraoperative hypotension with acute kidney injury after elective noncardiac surgery","volume":"123","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483101","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1483101","article-title":"Incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury in dogs without pre-existing renal disease","volume":"12","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Blanco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.03.002","article-title":"Role of perioperative hypotension in postoperative acute kidney injury: a narrative review","volume":"128","author":"Lankadeva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13391","article-title":"2024 RECOVER guidelines: updated treatment recommendations for CPR in dogs and cats","volume":"34","author":"Burkitt-Creedon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40981-016-0029-6","article-title":"Reiterative ventricular fibrillation caused by R-on-T during temporary epicardial pacing: a case report","volume":"2","author":"Nakamori","year":"2016","journal-title":"JA Clin Reports"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.02.010","article-title":"European resuscitation council guidelines 2021: advanced life support","volume":"161","author":"Soar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021250","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.021250","article-title":"Comparison of resuscitation outcomes between 2- or 3-stacked defibrillation strategies with minimally interrupted chest compression and the single defibrillation strategy: a swine cardiac arrest model","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00686.x","article-title":"Risk of anaesthetic mortality in dogs and cats: an observational cohort study of 3,546 cases","volume":"39","author":"Bille","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.7.1096","article-title":"Results of the confidential enquiry into perioperative small animal fatalities regarding risk factors for anesthetic-related death in dogs","volume":"233","author":"Brodbelt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"e3604","article-title":"Anaesthetic mortality in dogs: a worldwide analysis and risk assessment","volume":"193","author":"Redondo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2003.08.004","article-title":"Human factors affect the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in simulated cardiac arrests","volume":"60","author":"Marsch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Resuscitation"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1717394\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T15:18:51Z","timestamp":1764861531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1717394\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1717394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1717394","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"article-number":"1717394"}}