{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T14:51:37Z","timestamp":1765291897179,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Project of Anhui Province","award":["2024C865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C865"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific Research Foundation of the Education Department of Province Anhui","award":["2024AH050301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AH050301"]}]},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Project","award":["202204c06020003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202204c06020003"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Anhui","award":["2108085QC132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2108085QC132"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Lactulose is highly valued for its unique role in promoting the growth of intestinal probiotics. The objective of this research was to investigate how varying levels of dietary protein combined with lactulose supplementation influence the intestinal health of geese, utilizing intestinal metabolomics as the analytical basis. A total of 210 one-day-old Yangzhou geese were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments, with each group consisting of 7 replicates of 10 birds each. The diet of the control group (CP) contained 18.18% crude protein, the high-protein group (HP) was provided a diet formulated to 21.12% crude protein, and the lactulose-supplemented group (LS) received the high-protein diet (21.12%) with an additional 0.30% lactulose inclusion. The results showed that compared with the HP group, lactulose increased the average daily weight gain of geese (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt;\u202f0.05), reduced the feed conversion rate (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;gt;\u202f0.05), and decreased the level of uric acid in serum (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). At the same time, lactulose improved the morphological structure of the ileum and increased the intestinal villus height (VH) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01) and villus height\/crypt depth ratio (VH\/CD) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Compared with HP, the total number of aerobic bacteria,\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in cecum decreased by 2.70, 9.28 and 12.26%, respectively. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis showed that lactulose regulated intestinal barrier structure and intestinal flora through glycerophospholipid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism, which further improved the intestinal health of geese.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1721442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T14:43:33Z","timestamp":1765291413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lactulose as a prebiotic improved the intestinal health and metabolism of geese"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueqi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.03.005","article-title":"Poultry gut health and beyond","volume":"13","author":"Ducatelle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040434","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1040434","article-title":"How to employ metabolomic analysis to research on functions of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry gut health?","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1079\/pns2002225","article-title":"Oligosaccharides: state of the art","volume":"62","author":"Delzenne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev182","article-title":"Effect of lactulose supplementation on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, cecal microbial population, and short-chain fatty acid composition of broiler chickens","volume":"94","author":"Calik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081634","article-title":"Bioactive compounds in food as a current therapeutic approach to maintain a healthy intestinal epithelium","volume":"9","author":"Salinas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.12465","article-title":"Lactulose: production and use in functional food, medical and pharmaceutical applications. 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