{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T06:52:51Z","timestamp":1767941571649,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Canine infectious respiratory diseases (CIRDs) are prevalent causes of respiratory illnesses in dogs. Clinical signs are non-specific, including coughing, rhinorrhea, and fever, making it challenging for veterinarians, especially at the onset of symptoms, to identify the causative pathogens based on clinical presentation alone. On the other hand, early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for preventing progression to severe complications such as pneumonia and widespread outbreaks. The ability to differentiate between viral and bacterial etiologies can guide appropriate treatment and medication directions, such as avoiding misuse of antibiotics. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel multiple molecular assay suitable for an automated detection system using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The assay covers 14 common canine respiratory pathogens using 15 gene targets, including canine influenza virus (H3N2, H3N8, and H1N1), canine distemper virus, canine parainfluenza virus, canine herpesvirus, pseudorabies virus, rabies virus, canine adenovirus (types 1 and 2), canine coronavirus,\n                      <jats:italic>Mycoplasma canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bordetella bronchiseptica<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Their primers and probes in the assay were first developed according to the nested PCR protocol and designed parameters required in the automated system. This developed assay has then been rigorously validated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The assay developed has demonstrated high analytical sensitivity and specificity. The results obtained from the automated system are comparable to those from conventional laboratory procedures. The assay has shown possibility in rapidly detecting multiple pathogens in canines, and its utility can potentially be extended beyond companion animals to other mammalian species as well. Its application can enhance infection surveillance in animal populations and potentially mitigate zoonotic transmission risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1722097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T05:14:45Z","timestamp":1767935685000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated highly multiplex detection system for respiratory pathogens in canines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wing Shing","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xie","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parker Y. L.","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johnson Y. N.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lok-Ting","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.10.009","article-title":"Canine infectious respiratory disease","volume":"50","author":"Reagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.02.008","article-title":"Canine respiratory coronavirus: an emerging pathogen in the canine infectious respiratory disease complex","volume":"38","author":"Erles","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-224588","article-title":"Bordetella 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