{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:06:03Z","timestamp":1791547563202,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The dromedary camel (\n                    <jats:italic>Camelus dromedarius<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a multifunctional animal indispensable for the livelihoods and food security of pastoralist communities residing in arid and semi-arid regions. Despite its socio-economic and cultural significance, the welfare of camels has garnered limited scientific scrutiny, particularly regarding the effects of parasitic diseases. These diseases pose a significant barrier to camel health, resulting in considerable production losses and severe welfare challenges. This review consolidates evidence on the impact of parasitic infections, which include hemoparasites (\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma evansi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), ectoparasites (ticks and mange mites), and endoparasites (gastrointestinal nematodes and\n                    <jats:italic>coccidia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) on the welfare of dromedary camels. We investigate the physiological and emotional repercussions of parasitism through the lenses of the Five Freedoms and the Five Domains model. This review demonstrates that parasitic diseases severely impact camel welfare, yet it highlights significant deficiencies in the species-specific assessment and surveillance systems needed to address these problems. Furthermore, it underscores the relationship between camel welfare, human health through zoonotic parasites, and the socio-economic stability of pastoral communities. The review concludes that an integrated, multidisciplinary approach combining veterinary parasitology, animal welfare science, and socioeconomics is urgently required. We advocate for the implementation of a cohesive One Health\/One Welfare framework to establish validated welfare indicators, enhance diagnostic and control strategies, promote community engagement, and inform effective policies. This strategy is crucial for alleviating suffering, improving productivity, and sustaining livelihoods that depend on camels in the face of climate change.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1732337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T06:48:22Z","timestamp":1769150902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The impact of parasitic diseases on dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) welfare: a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Saqib","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Agricultural University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Tharwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University","place":["Buraidah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632022","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1632022","article-title":"Cosmetic crimes in dromedary camels: a critical overview on these illegal manipulations and its hidden consequences","volume":"12","author":"Tharwat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2017024","article-title":"Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931-2017) - a literature review","volume":"24","author":"Sazmand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3863-3","article-title":"Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so important, so ignored","volume":"12","author":"Sazmand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12446","article-title":"Protection of farmed camels (Camelus Dromedarius): welfare problems and legislative perspective","volume":"87","author":"Previti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Sci J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-021-00221-5","article-title":"Observation on dromedary (Camelus Dromedarius) welfare and husbandry practices among nomadic pastoralists","volume":"12","author":"Dioli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2024.106186","article-title":"Behavioural-type coping strategies in leisure dromedary camels: factors determining reactive vs. proactive responses","volume":"272","author":"Pastrana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277512","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1277512","article-title":"Dromedary camel's welfare: literature from 1980 to 2023 with a text mining and topic analysis approach","volume":"10","author":"Masebo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02978-8","article-title":"New animal-based measures to assess welfare in dromedary camels","volume":"53","author":"Menchetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416714","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1416714","article-title":"The first protocol for assessing the welfare of dromedary camels (Camelus Dromedarius) kept under nomadic pastoralism","volume":"11","author":"Padalino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651672","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.651672","article-title":"Presentation, clinical pathology abnormalities, and identification of gastrointestinal parasites in camels (Camelus Bactrianus and Camelus Dromedarius) presenting to two north American veterinary teaching hospitals. 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