{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:10:31Z","timestamp":1777518631756,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fermented liquid feed (FLF) has been shown to improve feed efficiency and growth performance of pigs, however, its effects on porcine immune function remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and ELISA-based approaches were employed to systematically evaluate the effects of fermented liquid feed on immune factor levels, splenic metabolic profiles, and gene expression in pigs. A total of 64 commercial pigs were randomly assigned to two groups, fed a basal diet group (CON) and a fermented liquid diet group (LFF), for a feeding period of 60 days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results showed that, compared with the CON group, the LFF group exhibited significantly higher serum concentrations of interleukin-6(IL-6, 767.88\u202f\u00b1\u202f12.43 pg\/ml), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1(TNF-\u03b1 678.32\u202f\u00b1\u202f15.37 pg\/ml), complement C3(145.92\u00b13.69 \u03bcg\/ml), immunoglobulin A(IgA, 485.15\u202f\u00b1\u202f9.13 \u03bcg\/ml), and interferon-\u03b3(IFN-\u03b3 1966.76\u202f\u00b1\u202f72.22 pg\/ml). Meanwhile, transcriptome sequencing revealed that the expression levels of immune-related genes\n                      <jats:italic>CXCL2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CXCL8<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>SLA-5<\/jats:italic>\n                      were significantly upregulated in the LFF group. Further KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated a more pronounced enrichment of the chemokine signaling pathway and IL-17 signaling pathway in this group. The metabolomic analysis revealed that fermented liquid feed altered the metabolic profile of the spleen, primarily affecting the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and linoleic acid metabolism. Integrated analysis indicated that fermented liquid feed reprogrammed metabolic patterns by modulating the expression of immune-related genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, our findings indicate that fermented liquid feed significantly enhances immune function in pigs, providing a theoretical basis for its scientific application and promotion in healthy farming of pigs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1735383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:47:07Z","timestamp":1768319227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differential analysis of splenic immune indicators, transcriptomic profiles, and metabolomic features in pigs under liquid\u2013solid feeding conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yangguang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuiyun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huibin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianrui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongjun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-6-4","article-title":"Fermented liquid feed for pigs: an ancient technique for the future","volume":"6","author":"Missotten","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Sci 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