{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:26:31Z","timestamp":1783524391533,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IZSME 06\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZSME 06\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoal parasite\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and can be acquired through the consumption of food and water contaminated with sporulated oocysts and tissue cysts. The parasite is characterized by high host flexibility, being able to infect all warm-blooded animals, including birds and mammals. Wild birds are considered important reservoirs of infectious agents, some of which possess zoonotic potential. To date, few data are available on the role of these animals in the transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , especially in the Italian Peninsula.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To address this gap, the present study investigated the circulation and genetic diversity of this parasite in various wild bird species, with the aim to assess the role of avian hosts in the epidemiology of the parasite. In 2023\u20132024, 256 carcasses belonging to 39 different wild bird species were collected in Campania and Calabria Regions and analyzed to assess the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the animal tissues.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 256 birds, 15 (5.9%) resulted positive for parasite DNA: 6 (40.0%) belonged to genotype GII and 1 (6.6%) to genotype GIII. Interestingly, 11\/15 (73.3%) infected animals were non-migratory species and 10\/15 (66.7%) were classified as omnivore\/scavenger wild birds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Monitoring and genotyping\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in birds could help to understand the environmental spread of oocysts. What's more, given the remarkable ecological diversity of wild avian species (different feeding habits and migratory behavior), surveillance of avian populations could deepen our understanding of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission dynamics and implement public health interventions and environmental management strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1745864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T05:23:27Z","timestamp":1769664207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Role of wild birds in the circulation of Toxoplasma gondii in Southern Italy: molecular and epidemiological insights"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Serra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Scarcelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Sgroi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio","place":["Benevento, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marita Georgia","family":"Riccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Badri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences","place":["Qazvin, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Paone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Levante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Di Lecce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Borriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Cecere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"D'Alessio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]},{"name":"Osservatorio Faunistico Venatorio\u2013Campania Region","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Veneziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II","place":["Naples, Italy"]},{"name":"Osservatorio Faunistico Venatorio\u2013Campania Region","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Galiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Paciello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Iovane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Amoroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia2010012","article-title":"The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"2","author":"Delgado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"46","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis","author":"Stock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Monatsschr Pharm"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2012346","article-title":"The pathogenicity and virulence of Toxoplasma gondii","author":"Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010097","article-title":"Systematic review and modeling of age-dependent prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in livestock, wildlife and felids in Europe","volume":"12","author":"D\u00e1mek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105137","article-title":"Epidemiological surveillance of Toxoplasma gondii in small ruminants in southern Spain","volume":"183","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mart\u00edn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2024.247","article-title":"Serostatus of small ruminant toxoplasmosis and neosporosis throughout the southeastern Anatolia Region of T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"44","author":"Ceylan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2024.152","article-title":"Sero-epidemiology, spatial distribution and phylogenetic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii in goats of Malakand division of Pakistan","volume":"44","author":"Irshad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.10.003","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy","volume":"255","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-022-00623-4","article-title":"A serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii in polish pigs from organic farms, other housing systems and in pigs of different age groups","volume":"64","author":"Puchalska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.5881-5887.2005","article-title":"Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from immunocompromised patients reveals high prevalence of type I strains","volume":"43","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2023.108480","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from birds in the world: a systematic review","volume":"248","author":"Galeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12762","article-title":"Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in southern Italy: epidemiological survey and associated risk for consumers","volume":"67","author":"Sgroi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.2307\/3285322","article-title":"High-resolution typing of Toxoplasma gondii using microsatellite loci","volume":"87","author":"Blackston","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5844","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203190109","article-title":"Globally diverse Toxoplasma gondii isolates comprise six major clades originating from a small number of distinct ancestral lineages","volume":"109","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00301-0","article-title":"Microsatellite analysis of Toxoplasma gondii shows considerable polymorphism structured into two main clonal groups","volume":"32","author":"Ajzenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13458","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117047109","article-title":"Admixture and recombination among Toxoplasma gondii lineages explain global genome diversity","volume":"109","author":"Minot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.37897\/RJID.2021.S.5","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Varsa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rom J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12934","article-title":"Risk assessment of human toxoplasmosis associated with the consumption of pork meat in Italy","volume":"38","author":"Condoleo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030471","article-title":"Molecular survey of Toxoplasma gondii in wild mammals of southern Italy","volume":"12","author":"Dakroub","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis","volume":"363","author":"Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.07.020","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in sheep from the Campania region (Italy)","volume":"149","author":"Fusco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3586-5","article-title":"Real-time PCR detection of Toxoplasma gondii in tissue samples of wild boars (Sus scrofa) from southern Italy reveals high prevalence and parasite load","volume":"12","author":"Santoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030532","article-title":"Seroprevalence and clinical outcomes of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia besnoiti infections in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"10","author":"Ciuca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13050380","article-title":"Novel genotype of HA clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 subtype high pathogenicity avian influenza virus emerged at a wintering site of migratory birds in Japan, 2021\/22 winter","volume":"13","author":"Mihiretu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.27.525959","article-title":"Intracellular diversity of WNV within circulating avian peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals host-dependent patterns of polyinfection","volume":"12","author":"Talmi-Frank","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-010-0746-z","article-title":"Nest ectoparasites increase physiological stress in breeding birds: an experiment","volume":"98","author":"Mart\u00ednez-De La Puente","year":"2011","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071783","article-title":"Morphometrical identification and phylogenetic analysis of rhinonyssidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) parasitizing avian hosts: new molecular data","volume":"11","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Carri\u00f3n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2025.06.007","article-title":"Global analysis of Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in wild avian hosts: effects of phylogeny, ecology, and detection methods","volume":"55","author":"Buschang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07285-0","article-title":"miR-276 and miR-182013-5p modulate insect metamorphosis and reproduction via dually regulating juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8676","article-title":"Nocturnin promotes NADH and ATP production for juvenile hormone biosynthesis in adult insects","volume":"81","author":"Qiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-018-1571-z","article-title":"Insectivorous birds consume an estimated 400\u2013500 million tons of prey annually","author":"Nyffeler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Nat"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8020058","article-title":"Serological and molecular investigation on Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds","volume":"8","author":"Nardoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00034-1","article-title":"A review of toxoplasmosis in wild birds","volume":"106","author":"Dubey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2024.e00350","article-title":"Global prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in birds: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Zaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control."},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"Collins Bird Guide","author":"Lars","year":"2009"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113215","article-title":"Prevalence of infection with porcine circovirus types 2 and 3 in the wild boar population in the campania region (Southern italy)","volume":"11","author":"Amoroso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.4.1940-1943.2005","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for typing strains of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"43","author":"Ajzenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.55","article-title":"Type I strains in human toxoplasmosis: myth or reality?","volume":"5","author":"Ajzenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.07.017","article-title":"High genetic diversity in Toxoplasma gondii isolates from pigs at slaughterhouses in Para\u00edba state, northeastern Brazil: circulation of new genotypes and Brazilian clonal lineages","volume":"244","author":"Feitosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-023-04721-7","article-title":"Genotyping of European Toxoplasma gondii strains by a new high-resolution next-generation sequencing-based method","volume":"43","author":"Joeres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01152-10","article-title":"Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates with 15 microsatellite markers in a single multiplex PCR assay","volume":"48","author":"Ajzenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"Sargento\n              ESG\n            \n          \n          Ausvet\n          Epitools Epidemiological Calculators\n          \n          2018"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030478","article-title":"Migratory wild birds as potential long-distance transmitters of Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"12","author":"Dini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040736","article-title":"Molecular survey on Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in wild birds of prey admitted to recovery centers in northern Italy","volume":"9","author":"Gazzonis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14101432","article-title":"Comparison of direct and indirect detection of Toxoplasma gondii in ovine using real-time PCR, serological and histological techniques","volume":"14","author":"Condoleo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.2307\/3283724","article-title":"Prevalence of encysted Toxoplasma gondii in raptors from Alabama","volume":"79","author":"Lindsay","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"B48","volume-title":"Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds","author":"Atkinson","year":"2009"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2021.04.010","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in carnivorous wild birds in the eastern United States","volume":"15","author":"Ammar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1531-9_3","article-title":"Synanthropic birds of North America","volume-title":"Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World","author":"Johnston","year":"2001"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1139\/z79-307","article-title":"Bird communities and the structure of urban habitats","volume":"57","author":"Lancaster","year":"1979","journal-title":"Can J Zool."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0256.1","article-title":"Distinguishing stressors acting on land bird communities in an urbanizing environment","volume":"89","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.08.003","article-title":"Spatial distribution of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in soil in a rural area: influence of cats and land use","volume":"205","author":"Gotteland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2025.103463","article-title":"The impact of urban residential areas on bird diversity: a case study from Harbin, Northeast China","volume":"163","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Habitat Int"},{"key":"B55","volume-title":"I corvidi italiani : sistematica, faunistica, eco-etologia, problemi di conservazione e controllo","author":"Antonio","year":"1995"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050336","article-title":"Epidemiologic survey on Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella pseudospiralis infection in corvids from Central Italy","volume":"9","author":"Mancianti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.07.029","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in Israeli crows and Griffon vultures","volume":"191","author":"Salant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029549","article-title":"Seropositivity and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds from Spain","volume":"6","author":"Cabez\u00f3n","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13096","article-title":"Interaction of diet and habitat predicts Toxoplasma gondii infection rates in wild birds at a global scale","volume":"29","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Ecol Biogeogr"},{"key":"B60","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans","author":"Dubey","year":"2023"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-36.1.145","article-title":"Earthworms as paratenic hosts of toxoplasmosis in eastern Barred Bandicoots in Tasmania","volume":"36","author":"Bettiol","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2013.02.002","article-title":"Wildlife disease ecology in changing landscapes: mesopredator release and toxoplasmosis","volume":"2","author":"Hollings","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.181565","article-title":"Patterns of transmission and sources of infection in outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"Pinto-Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04134-x","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in the Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in northern Italy","volume":"13","author":"Iemmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-152","article-title":"Seroprevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in three species of pet birds in China","volume":"7","author":"Cong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14872","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702356104","article-title":"Recent transcontinental sweep of Toxoplasma gondii driven by a single monomorphic chromosome","volume":"104","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10147","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10147","article-title":"Local admixture of amplified and diversified secreted pathogenesis determinants shapes mosaic Toxoplasma gondii genomes","volume":"7","author":"Lorenzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842595","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.842595","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii genotyping: a closer look into Europe","volume":"12","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Escobar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:2006010","article-title":"Meat quality in an intergeneric factorial crossbreeding between muscovy (Cairina moschata) and Pekin (Anas platyrhynchos) ducks","volume":"55","author":"Larzul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2844.1","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds in Durango, Mexico","volume":"97","author":"Alvarado-Esquivel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5730-5","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: prevalence and characterization of new genotypes in free-range chickens from south Brazil","volume":"117","author":"Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.08.022","article-title":"First genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii infection in poultry meat intended for human consumption in Eastern China","volume":"55","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bav112","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bav122","article-title":"The corvids literature database-500 years of ornithological research from a crow's perspective","volume":"2016","author":"Droege","year":"2016","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38662-z","article-title":"Human-attacks by an urban raptor are tied to human subsidies and religious practices","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B75","volume-title":"Directive 2009\/147\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the Conservation of Wild Birds","year":"2009"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270917000533","article-title":"Illegal killing and taking of birds in Europe outside the Mediterranean: assessing the scope and scale of a complex issue","volume":"29","author":"Brochet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bird Conserv Int"},{"key":"B77","volume-title":"The Checklist of Birds From Campania Region (updated to 31th January 2021)","author":"Fraissinet","year":"2021"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4081\/rio.2012.140","article-title":"Density of Corvus corone cornix and Pica pica in different environmental typologies of North Calabria","volume":"82","author":"Urso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia"},{"key":"B79","first-page":"100480","article-title":"Trichinella britovi in wild boar meat from Italy, 2015\u20132021: a citizen science approach to surveillance","volume-title":"One Health","author":"Sgroi","year":"2023"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2024.105381","article-title":"Trichinella spp. in wolves (Canis lupus) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) of southern Italy","volume":"179","author":"Scarcelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1745864\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T05:23:30Z","timestamp":1769664210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1745864\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1745864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1745864","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"article-number":"1745864"}}