{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T18:35:24Z","timestamp":1769538924498,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the cryoprotective effects of europium oxide nanoparticles [nanozymes; Europium oxide nanoparticles (EONP)] on rabbit sperm quality during 72 h of chilled storage at 4 \u00b0C due to its robust antioxidant ability (mimicking enzymes) and mitochondrial enhancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this experiment, diluted semen samples were treated with different concentrations of EONP: 0 (EONP0), 25 (EONP25), 50 (EONP50), or 100 (EONP100) ng\/ml. The treated samples were then stored at 4 \u00b0C for three days. Sperm quality attributes such as viability, motility, membrane integrity, and morphology were measured at 24, 48, and 72 h of storage. Oxidative\/antioxidant activities and mitochondrial enzyme levels were also assessed after 72 h of storage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results show a quadratic relationship between EONP supplementation (at 25 or 50 ng\/ml) and improved sperm motility, viability, and membrane integrity at all time points observed (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01). Additionally, a dose-dependent relationship was found between EONP levels and the concentrations of GPx, CAT, and SOD. In contrast, all groups supplemented with EONP showed a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), hydrogen peroxide (H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and nitric oxide (NO) levels compared to the extender without EONP (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). The activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SD), malate dehydrogenase (MD), citrate synthase (CS), and ATP showed significant and quadratic improvements at EONP concentrations of 50 and 100 ng\/ml compared to the 25 ng\/ml concentration. Principal component analysis 1 (PCA1) was positively correlated with EONP supplementation, antioxidant markers, mitochondrial enzyme activities, and sperm quality parameters. Principal component analysis 2 (PCA2) showed a negative association between different EONP concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 100 ng\/ml) and oxidative markers and sperm abnormalities after 72 h of preservation at 4 \u00b0C.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nanozyme supplementation of rabbit semen extenders significantly improves sperm quality during 72-h chilled storage by increasing antioxidant competence, reducing oxidative stress (OS), and boosting mitochondrial enzyme activity. Our data suggest that europium oxide nanoparticles are a promising additive for chilled rabbit semen preservation, with implications for artificial insemination (AI) and rabbit breeding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1753818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T05:25:33Z","timestamp":1769491533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Europium oxide nanoparticles (EONP) enhance the cryoprotective effects of chilled rabbit semen preservation via antioxidant and mitochondrial enhancement"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Alfattah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University","place":["Jazan, Saudi 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