{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:10:58Z","timestamp":1778735458807,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the effects of exogenous melatonin (MEL) on morphological and computational alterations in the stomach, duodenum, and liver of hyperprolactinemic rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-four animals were divided into three groups: Control (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f8), Hyper (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f8), and Hyper+MEL (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f8). Hyperprolactinemia was induced with domperidone (4\u202fmg\/kg\/day, subcutaneously [s.c.]), and MEL was administered at 200\u202f\u03bcg\/100 g (s.c.).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Hyper group showed a higher body weight compared to the Control group, while both hyperprolactinemic groups exhibited gastric lumen dilation. PCNA immunolabeling increased in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the stomach, while decreasing in the duodenum in the Hyper and Hyper+MEL groups. In the duodenum, both hyperprolactinemic groups exhibited increased villus and microvillus height, whereas a reduced Periodic Acid\u2013Schiff (PAS)-stained area was detected only in the Hyper group. In the liver, microsteatosis, fewer Kupffer cells (KCs), and a higher number of binucleated hepatocytes were identified in hyperprolactinemic animals. Fractal analysis of goblet cells revealed no differences among groups. Serum MEL levels were elevated in the hyperprolactinemic groups, with the highest concentrations observed in the Hyper+MEL group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, hyperprolactinemia induced structural alterations in the stomach, duodenum, and liver, whereas MEL administration exerted limited effects, mainly influencing body weight and duodenal histochemical parameters, without consistent protective effects on the other evaluated outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1709295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T04:26:35Z","timestamp":1778732795000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microscopic and computational analysis of the stomach, duodenum, and liver of rats with induced hyperprolactinemia treated with exogenous melatonin"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vitor da","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan Cristian da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renan Gabriel da Silva","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison Jos\u00e9 da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaque Bertoldo Santos da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline Maria Rodrigues dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno Jos\u00e9 do","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal University Rural of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elba Ver\u00f4nica Matoso Maciel de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco Carlos Amanaj\u00e1s de","family":"Aguiar J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Vit\u00f3ria de Santo Ant\u00e3o, Pernambuco, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewerton Fylipe de Ara\u00fajo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Vit\u00f3ria de Santo Ant\u00e3o, Pernambuco, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priscilla Virg\u00ednio de","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal University Rural of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Apol\u00f4nio Gomes","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Department, Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba","place":["Areia, Para\u00edba, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno Mendes","family":"Tenorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas Rannier Ribeiro Antonino","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda das Chagas Angelo Mendes","family":"Tenorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11578","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11578","article-title":"A combined computational and structural model of the full-length human prolactin receptor","volume":"7","author":"Bugge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000499694","article-title":"Pitfalls in the diagnostic evaluation of hyperprolactinemia","volume":"109","author":"Vilar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000032","article-title":"Controversial issues in the 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