{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:42:39Z","timestamp":1790224959269,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008679","name":"University of C\u00f3rdoba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species are globally distributed parasites and are a major cause of cryptosporidiosis, a diarrheal disease that disproportionately affects immunocompromised individuals and young children in low-resource settings.\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    is widely regarded as a critical contaminant of drinking water and is strongly associated with an increased risk of waterborne disease, posing a serious threat to public health. Furthermore, agricultural environments can serve as sources of contamination with\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    oocysts through fecal material originating from both humans and animals. Despite their major zoonotic relevance, critical gaps remain in understanding their true public health burden, transmission pathways, and ways to effectively translate emerging knowledge into prevention and treatment strategies. Currently, nitazoxanide is the only FDA-approved treatment for cryptosporidiosis; however, its efficacy in vulnerable populations remains limited. Safe and effective chemotherapeutics are urgently needed; yet drug evaluation methods lack standardization, and no reliable vaccine surrogates capable of inducing protective immunity have been identified. Additionally, the identification of vaccination surrogates that confer protective immune responses against\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection remains an unresolved need. In addition,\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    diagnosis relies on fecal microscopy, antigen-based assays for rapid detection, and molecular methods, such as PCR, for sensitive species identification and genotyping. Emerging approaches, including next-generation sequencing, promise improved multiplex detection and epidemiological resolution but require further integration into routine clinical laboratory workflows. This review summarizes the advances in\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    therapeutics, including herbal, chemical, and pharmaceutical approaches, as well as chemical agents utilized for water treatment and environmental control, highlighting associated safety concerns and diagnostics. It further outlines priority areas for future research, such as the development of novel drug candidates, host-targeted therapies, and next-generation vaccine platforms. Finally, it underscores the complex, multifactorial challenges of controlling\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and calls for a One Health approach that integrates human, animal, and environmental health to mitigate its global impact.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1731158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:45:53Z","timestamp":1773326753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cryptosporidium within a One health framework: a comprehensive review of public health impact, environmental concerns, and emerging strategies for prevention and treatment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Refaat","family":"Ras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC)","place":["Badr City, Egypt"]},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Abdelkhalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC)","place":["Badr City, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Raya-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio","place":["Granada, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawan Muhammad","family":"Shady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC)","place":["Badr City, Egypt"]},{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qwait","family":"AlGabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","place":["Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelbaset E.","family":"Abdelbaset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University","place":["Sapporo, Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University","place":["Assiut, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali S. A.","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University","place":["Sohag, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Shukry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Agil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Biohealth Institute Granada (IBs Granada) and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, University of Granada","place":["Granada, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab Kotb","family":"Elmahallawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University","place":["Sohag, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70772-8","article-title":"A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for Cryptosporidium","volume":"15","author":"Checkley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the global enteric multicenter study, gems): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.2478\/S11686-020-00230-1","article-title":"Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in the global population: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.01.036","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2011\u20132016","volume":"114","author":"Efstratiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"18","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia\u2013an overview","volume":"21","author":"Gorcea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Parasitol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.03.005","article-title":"Taxonomy and species delimitation in Cryptosporidium","volume":"124","author":"Fayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.12.016","article-title":"A one health approach to tackle cryptosporidiosis","volume":"36","author":"Innes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113307","article-title":"An update on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in humans","volume":"11","author":"Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139388","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1139388","article-title":"Molecular detection and characterization of Cryptosporidium Spp., Giardia Duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon Bieneusi infections in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Egypt","volume":"10","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488508","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1488508","article-title":"First microscopic and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium Spp. in fat sand rats (Psammomys Obesus) in Egypt and their potential zoonotic implications","volume":"11","author":"Mohamed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0586","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from migratory ducks around Tokachi subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan","volume":"82","author":"Salama","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07289-3","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in wild birds: a one health perspective","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2024.170","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of Cryptosporidium infection in yaks in Chamdo, China","volume":"44","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122456","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis: from prevention to treatment, a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Helmy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2019.00019","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Gerace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"135","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium infection and analysis of hematological and biochemical changes in diarrheic pre-weaned calves in Egypt","volume":"44","author":"Shehata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00064","article-title":"Genetic characterization reveals evidence for an association between water contamination and zoonotic transmission of a Cryptosporidium Sp. from dairy cattle in West Bengal, India","volume":"17","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100364","article-title":"Public health and ecological significance of rodents in Cryptosporidium infections","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.02.006","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms of Cryptosporidium and Giardia","volume":"33","author":"Certad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.681-686","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis: a zoonotic disease concern","volume":"11","author":"Pumipuntu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2024.274","article-title":"First report of zoonotic Cryptosporidium Parvum subtype IIaA15G2R1 in dogs in T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"44","author":"Ayan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023114","DOI":"10.35495\/ajab.2023.114","article-title":"The effects of Cryptosporidium infection on Gut Fungi and enzyme abundance in Sus Domesticus","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Agricul Biol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845933913.0463","volume-title":"Giardia and Cryptosporidium: From molecules to diseases","author":"Rossignol","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050424","article-title":"Efficacy of treatment with paromomycin, azithromycin, and nitazoxanide in a patient with disseminated cryptosporidiosis","volume":"18","author":"Giacometti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2021.1957097","article-title":"Current pharmacotherapy of cryptosporidiosis: an update of the state-of-the-art","volume":"22","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3390\/PATHOGENS11060653","article-title":"Octaarginine improves the efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen-Ho-bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-024-01751-6","article-title":"Efficacy of nitazoxanide, ivermectin and albendazole in treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed mice","volume":"49","author":"Elmansory","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11401-2","article-title":"Effect of nitazoxanide on morbidity and mortality in Zambian children with cryptosporidiosis: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"360","author":"Amadi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115522","DOI":"10.3389\/FCIMB.2023.1115522","article-title":"Past, current, and potential treatments for cryptosporidiosis in humans and farm animals: a comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-195","article-title":"High dose prolonged treatment with Nitazoxanide is not effective for cryptosporidiosis in Hiv positive Zambian children: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Amadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2020011","article-title":"Update on Cryptosporidium spp.: highlights from the seventh international Giardia and Cryptosporidium conference","volume":"27","author":"Widmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2024.100542","article-title":"Treating cryptosporidiosis: a review on drug discovery strategies","volume":"25","author":"Leni\u00e8re","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"935","article-title":"Anti-Cryptosporidium activity of albendazole, metronidazole and paromomycin in experimentally infected cattle","volume":"45","author":"Masood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak J Zool"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1086\/320171","article-title":"Paromomycin in cryptosporidiosis","volume":"32","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.1.4.450-463.1994","article-title":"Evaluation of an animal model system for cryptosporidiosis: therapeutic efficacy of Paromomycin and Hyperimmune bovine colostrum-immunoglobulin","volume":"1","author":"Tzipori","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2006.00593.x","article-title":"Severe cryptosporidiosis in a seven-year-old renal transplant recipient: case report and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"179","article-title":"Azithromycin as treatment for cryptosporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus disease","volume":"48","author":"Kadappu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.06.017","article-title":"Control of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves: use of Halofuginone lactate in two different calf rearing systems","volume":"96","author":"De Waele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.81809","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of halofuginone lactate and paromomycin in the treatment of calves naturally infected with Cryptosporidium Parvum","volume":"46","author":"Aydogdu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Sci Vet"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448076","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2024.1448076","article-title":"Understanding the Cryptosporidium species and their challenges to animal health and livestock species for informed development of new, specific treatment strategies","volume":"3","author":"Rideout","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Parasitol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.3390\/MOLECULES26113309","article-title":"Organoboron compounds: effective antibacterial and Antiparasitic agents","volume":"26","author":"Coghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1038\/S41467-019-10687-Y","article-title":"Identification of a potent Benzoxaborole drug candidate for treating cryptosporidiosis","volume":"10","author":"Lunde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/NATURE22337","article-title":"A cryptosporidium pi(4)K inhibitor is a drug candidate for cryptosporidiosis","volume":"546","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115993","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BCP.2023.115993","article-title":"Research Progress on phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase inhibitors","volume":"220","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50621-6_9","article-title":"Drugging the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (Pi3k) and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (Pi4k) family of enzymes for treatment of Cancer, immune disorders, and viral\/parasitic infections","volume":"1274","author":"McPhail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800293","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2021.800293","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum pyruvate kinase inhibitors with in vivo anti-cryptosporidial efficacy","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-44826-4_15","volume-title":"Eukaryome impact on human intestine homeostasis and mucosal immunology","author":"McCowin","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1093\/INFDIS\/JIY528","article-title":"Batf3-dependent intestinal dendritic cells play a critical role in the control of Cryptosporidium Parvum infection","volume":"219","author":"Potiron","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70451","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70451","article-title":"The enteric pathogen Cryptosporidium Parvum exports proteins into the cytosol of the infected host cell","volume":"10","author":"Dumaine","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115174","article-title":"Garlic (Allium Sativum Linnaeus) improved inflammation and reduced cryptosporidiosis burden in immunocompromised mice","volume":"292","author":"Farid","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3855\/JIDC.17360","article-title":"The controverted therapeutic efficacy of allium sativum and artemisia herba-alba extracts on Cryptosporidium-infected mice","volume":"17","author":"Elbahaie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.21608\/JESP.2020.131094","article-title":"The potential convention of garlic and black seed different extracts as an effective treatment of Cryptosporidium spp.: an experimental study","volume":"50","author":"Sadek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/S002530100722","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of allium sativum (garlic)","volume":"57","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.47278\/journal.abr\/2024.016","article-title":"A narrative review on effective use of medicinal plants for the treatment of parasitic foodborne diseases","volume":"16","author":"Iqbal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agrobiol Rec"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13573","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16049","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory impacts of berberine on activation of autoreactive T cells in autoimmune inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Ehteshamfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2017.20.021","article-title":"Review on clinical trials of black seed (Nigella sativa) and its active constituent, thymoquinone","volume":"20","author":"Tavakkoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust J Pharm"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.52403\/ijrr.20210441","article-title":"Nigella sativa (kalonji): a black seed of miracle","volume":"8","author":"Thakur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Res Rev"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/S12639-023-01572-Z","article-title":"The potential therapeutic effect of Nigella sativa and Zingiber officinale extracts versus nitazoxanide drug against experimentally induced cryptosporidiosis in laboratory mice","volume":"47","author":"Yahia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0192-0561(99)00010-7","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of Nigella Sativa proteins fractionated by ion exchange chromatography","volume":"21","author":"Haq","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105424","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MICPATH.2022.105424","article-title":"Curcumin mitigates Cryptosporidium Parvum infection through modulation of Gut microbiota and innate immune-related genes in immunosuppressed neonatal mice","volume":"164","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1002\/PTR.6054","article-title":"Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) and its major constituent (curcumin) as nontoxic and safe substances: review","volume":"32","author":"Soleimani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.3390\/ANI11082441","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of neem leaf and pomegranate peel extracts in coccidial infections in New Zealand and V-line rabbits: performance, intestinal health, oocyst shedding, carcass traits and effect on economic measures","volume":"11","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.3390\/MOLECULES26071908","article-title":"Efficacy of the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica against the marine parasitic leech and its phytochemical profiling","volume":"26","author":"Maran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407213310304","article-title":"A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply","volume":"331","author":"Mac Kenzie","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"668","article-title":"Outbreaks of illness associated with recreational water\u2014United States, 2011\u20132012","volume":"64","author":"Hlavsa","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170057","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Agriculture: A Review","volume":"916","author":"Golomazou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14223287","article-title":"Food and waterborne cryptosporidiosis from a one health perspective: a comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.7.2820-2826.1999","article-title":"Method for detection and enumeration of Cryptosporidium Parvum oocysts in feces, manures, and soils","volume":"65","author":"Kuczynska","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis surveillance -- United States, 2011-2012","volume":"64","author":"Painter","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5849","DOI":"10.1021\/ES500644D","article-title":"Efficacy of chlorine dioxide tablets on inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts","volume":"48","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.25122\/JML-2021-0180","article-title":"A systematic review on chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant","volume":"15","author":"Jefri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.67.7.2993-3001.2001","article-title":"Chlorine dioxide inactivation of Cryptosporidium Parvum oocysts and bacterial spore indicators","volume":"67","author":"Chauret","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415846-7.00033-0","volume-title":"Microbiology of waterborne diseases","author":"Gray","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-008-8214-3","article-title":"Comparing the efficacy of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone in the inactivation of Cryptosporidium Parvum in water from Parana state, southern Brazil","volume":"151","author":"Pereira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00188-3","article-title":"Synergy in sequential inactivation of Cryptosporidium Parvum with ozone\/free chlorine and ozone\/monochloramine","volume":"34","author":"Rennecker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2024.100306","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of hydrogen peroxide for application in food safety and Covid-19 mitigation: an updated review","volume":"87","author":"Abdelshafy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-66.9.1650","article-title":"Effect of organic acids and hydrogen peroxide on Cryptosporidium Parvum viability in fruit juices","volume":"66","author":"Kniel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.030","article-title":"Cryptosporidium-contaminated water disinfection by a novel Fenton process","volume":"106","author":"Matavos-Aramyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"199","volume-title":"The handbook of environmental chemistry","author":"Nasser","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-203R1","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen peroxide and other protease inhibitors on Cryptosporidium parvum excystation and in vitro development","volume":"90","author":"Kniel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.18691","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis","volume":"323","author":"Desai","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0013386","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013386","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infection and associated factors among diarrheic children under five years of age in eastern Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Abate","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2024.281","article-title":"Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of 18s Rrna, Gp60 and Hsp70 genes of Cryptosporidium Parvum isolated from cattle owners and cattle using nested Pcr","volume":"44","author":"Alberfkani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18910615540","DOI":"10.33448\/RSD-V10I6.15540","article-title":"Vaccine development for cryptosporidiosis: systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res, Society Develop"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6703","DOI":"10.1016\/J.VACCINE.2018.09.044","article-title":"Cryptosporidium Spp. Cp15 and Csl protein-derived synthetic peptides\u2019 immunogenicity and in vitro seroneutralisation capability","volume":"36","author":"Avenda\u00f1o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100054","DOI":"10.1016\/J.VETVAC.2024.100054","article-title":"The first commercially approved efficacious Cryptosporidium vaccine protecting new-born calves from severe diarrhea","volume":"3","author":"Timmermans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Vaccine"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106273","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ACTATROPICA.2021.106273","article-title":"Advances in therapeutic and vaccine targets for Cryptosporidium: challenges and possible mitigation strategies","volume":"226","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2217\/FMB.09.115","article-title":"Editorial: challenges and prospects for a Cryptosporidium vaccine","volume":"5","author":"Mead","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.11.007","article-title":"Identification of novel vaccine candidates against cryptosporidiosis of neonatal bovines by reverse vaccinology","volume":"264","author":"Tomazic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4614","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2022.2070284","article-title":"A multi-epitope vaccine candidate developed from unique immunogenic epitopes against Cryptosporidium Hominis by utilizing an Immunoinformatics-driven approach","volume":"41","author":"Pandya","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2019.09.001","article-title":"An Immunoinformatics approach for design and validation of multi-subunit vaccine against Cryptosporidium Parvum","volume":"224","author":"Dhal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00082-X","article-title":"Speculation on whether a vaccine against cryptosporidiosis is a reality or fantasy","volume":"29","author":"de Graaf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSINFECDIS.1C00057","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in developing a Cryptosporidium controlled human infection model for testing Antiparasitic agents","volume":"7","author":"Jumani","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597642","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2597642","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Cryptosporidium","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00023-21","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00023-21","article-title":"Spontaneous selection of Cryptosporidium drug resistance in a calf model of infection","volume":"65","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0011217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011217","article-title":"On-target inhibition of Cryptosporidium Parvum by nitazoxanide (Ntz) and paclitaxel (Ptx) validated using a novel Mdr1-transgenic host cell model and algorithms to quantify the effect on the parasite target","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.03.001","article-title":"Looking for Cryptosporidium: the application of advances in detection and diagnosis","volume":"29","author":"Chalmers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJPARA.2015.07.006","article-title":"Continuous culture of Cryptosporidium Parvum using hollow Fiber technology","volume":"46","author":"Morada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00731-16","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00731-16","article-title":"Novel bioengineered three-dimensional human intestinal model for long-term infection of Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"85","author":"DeCicco RePass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/S13071-018-3263-0","article-title":"Anthroponotic transmission of Cryptosporidium Parvum predominates in countries with poorer sanitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CMI.2016.04.021","article-title":"Human cryptosporidiosis in Europe","volume":"22","author":"Cacci\u00f2","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0449","article-title":"Genotypic characterization of Cryptosporidium hominis from water samples in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"85","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/mog.0000000000000895","article-title":"Point of care diagnostics for Cryptosporidium: new and emerging technologies","volume":"39","author":"Hijjawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e166814","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI166814","article-title":"Specific Cryptosporidium antigens associate with reinfection immunity and protection from cryptosporidiosis","volume":"133","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12867","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612867","article-title":"Investigating Cryptosporidium spp. using genomic, proteomic and transcriptomic techniques: current progress and future directions","volume":"24","author":"D\u0105browska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Cryptosporidium: Methods and protocols","author":"Roellig","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000379","DOI":"10.1099\/MGEN.0.000379","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis of three intestinal species reveals reductions in secreted pathogenesis determinants in bovine-specific and non-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/CPT.3008","article-title":"Prediction of clinical trials outcomes based on target choice and clinical trial design with multi-modal artificial intelligence","volume":"114","author":"Aliper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5430-1","article-title":"In silico identification and validation of a novel hypothetical protein in Cryptosporidium Hominis and virtual screening of inhibitors as therapeutics","volume":"116","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122110","article-title":"Machine learning and explainable artificial intelligence for the prevention of waterborne cryptosporidiosis and Giardiosis","volume":"262","author":"Ligda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"83","article-title":"Determination of Cryptosporidium spp. risk factors using multilayer perceptron neural network and radial based functional artificial neural network method","volume":"5","author":"Karaman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cognitive Syst"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882995","DOI":"10.3389\/FCIMB.2022.882995","article-title":"Machine learning and its applications for protozoal pathogens and protozoal infectious diseases","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612952","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2025.1612952","article-title":"Tropical diseases and the gastrointestinal tract: an overlooked connection","volume":"6","author":"Ghazy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6063","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00734-13","article-title":"A cysteine protease inhibitor rescues mice from a lethal Cryptosporidium Parvum infection","volume":"57","author":"Ndao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.37506\/IJFMT.V14I1.158","article-title":"Study effect of clarithromycin drug on Cryptosporidium Parvum and efficiency of Elisa technique in diagnosis comparison with some traditional methods in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Kadhum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.5.384","article-title":"Possible effectiveness of clarithromycin and rifabutin for cryptosporidiosis chemoprophylaxis in Hiv disease","volume":"279","author":"Holmberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4269\/AJTMH.12-0635","article-title":"Unusual Enterocytozoon Bieneusi genotypes and Cryptosporidium Hominis subtypes in Hiv-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"89","author":"Akinbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.4269\/AJTMH.2007.77.583","article-title":"Seropositive human subjects produce interferon gamma after stimulation with recombinant Cryptosporidium Hominis Gp15","volume":"77","author":"Preidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3390\/MICROORGANISMS8030363","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum Gp40\/15 is associated with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and is a potential vaccine target","volume":"8","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1365-3024.2012.01382.X","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum antigens induce mouse and human dendritic cells to generate Th1-enhancing cytokines","volume":"34","author":"Bedi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5245","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.8.5245-5248.2005","article-title":"Recombinant proteins of Cryptosporidium Parvum induce proliferation of mesenteric lymph node cells in infected mice","volume":"73","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.094","article-title":"Evaluation of DNA encoding acidic ribosomal protein P2 of Cryptosporidium Parvum as a potential vaccine candidate for cryptosporidiosis","volume":"29","author":"Benitez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.4269\/AJTMH.2011.11-0270","article-title":"Serum antibody responses to polymorphic Cryptosporidium mucin antigen in Bangladeshi children with cryptosporidiosis","volume":"85","author":"Lai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05197-11","article-title":"Identification and immunological characterization of three potential Vaccinogens against Cryptosporidium species","volume":"18","author":"Manque","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PARINT.2018.10.013","article-title":"Development of Cpgp15 recombinant antigen of Cryptosporidium parvum for detection of the specific antibodies in cattle","volume":"69","author":"Ichikawa-Seki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.147.5.937","article-title":"Conservation of a gliding motility and cell invasion machinery in apicomplexan parasites","volume":"147","author":"Kappe","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00076-12","article-title":"Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence","volume":"26","author":"Bouzid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00243-0","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a new member of the thrombospondin family","volume":"92","author":"Spano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2006.08.003","article-title":"Molecular targets for detection and immunotherapy in Cryptosporidium Parvum","volume":"25","author":"Boulter-Bitzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6987","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.6987-6995.2002","article-title":"Cryptosporidium Parvum genes containing thrombospondin type 1 domains","volume":"70","author":"Deng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJPARA.2021.01.003","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a new 34 Kda morn motif-containing sporozoite surface-exposed protein, Cp-P34, unique to Cryptosporidium","volume":"51","author":"Jaskiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1731158\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:45:56Z","timestamp":1773326756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1731158\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":132,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1731158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1731158","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"article-number":"1731158"}}