{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T06:25:35Z","timestamp":1772000735746,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective study aimed to investigate the use of ultrasonography for verifying central venous catheter placement in hospitalized cats and dogs, in comparison with radiographic assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The investigation was conducted on client-owned animals. The position of the central venous catheter was checked using both thoracic radiography and ultrasonography. Ultrasonographic examination was performed in three steps: two intercostal scans of the cranial thorax (transverse and longitudinal scans), to visualize the course of the cranial vena cava within the mediastinum, and one right parasternal scan (sub-costal bicaval view), to visualize both the cranial and caudal vena cava entering the right atrium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 15 animals (8 dogs and 7 cats) were included in this study. Radiographic evaluation confirmed correct device placement within the cranial vena cava in 15\/15 animals, with catheter extension into the right atrium observed in 8\/15 cases. Ultrasonographic assessment of the mediastinal region demonstrated good agreement with radiographic findings (94%; CI95%: 83%\u2212100%), and the bicaval atrial view showed high reliability in identifying central venous catheter tip location (Kappa = 0.87; CI95%: 65%\u2212100%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultrasound appears to be a reliable, non-invasive method for evaluating central venous catheter position in dogs and cats, with diagnostic accuracy comparable to radiography and the advantage of avoiding ionizing radiation exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1745707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T05:32:27Z","timestamp":1771997547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Point-of-care ultrasonography for verification of central venous catheter placement in cats and dogs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Bruno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin","place":["Torino, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Degiovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin","place":["Torino, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Savarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin","place":["Torino, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin","place":["Torino, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Tarducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin","place":["Torino, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Rallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin","place":["Torino, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Figini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin","place":["Torino, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Maurella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta","place":["Torino, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Zanatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin","place":["Torino, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0654-3.00022-6","article-title":"Technical aspects of fluid therapy","author":"Hansen","year":"2012"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/014860719301700191","article-title":"Intermittent back pain after central venous catheter placement","volume":"17","author":"Rosa","year":"1993","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(98)00171-8","article-title":"Cardiac tamponade from central venous catheters","volume":"176","author":"Collier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Surg."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200202000-00031","article-title":"Complications of central venous catheters: internal jugular versus subclavian access-a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Ruesch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2015.7.26248","article-title":"Central venous catheter intravascular malpositioning: causes, prevention, diagnosis, and correction","volume":"16","author":"Roldan","year":"2015","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2004.03.007","article-title":"Veterinary hemodialysis: advances in management and technology","volume":"34","author":"Fischer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2009.00520.x","article-title":"Electrocardiography-guided and retrospective analysis of central venous catheter placement in the dog","volume":"37","author":"Claude","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"E4","article-title":"Radiologic interpretation of central venous catheter placement","volume":"35","author":"Gendron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119581154.ch7","article-title":"Catheterization of the venous compartment.","volume-title":"Advanced Monitoring And Procedures For Small Animal Emergency And Critical Care","author":"Steele","year":"2023"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/17511437241227739","article-title":"Are routine chest radiographs still indicated after central line insertion? a scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Brindley","year":"2024","journal-title":"JICS."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3287","article-title":"Recommendations on the use of ultrasound guidance for central and peripheral vascular access in adults: a position statement of the Society of Hospital Medicine","volume":"14","author":"Franco-Sadud","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hosp Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-014-0111-3","article-title":"The utility of transthoracic echocardiography to confirm central line placement: an observational study","volume":"61","author":"Arellano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Anesth."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3097-3","article-title":"Guidewire localization by transthoracic echocardiography during central venous catheter insertion: A periprocedural method to evaluate catheter placement","volume":"39","author":"Bedel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"353","volume":"74","author":"Blans","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Neth J Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.3.2009042","article-title":"Ultrasonic examination: an alternative to chest radiography after central venous catheter insertion?","volume":"164","author":"Maury","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12102","article-title":"Evaluation of ultrasound-guided vascular access in dogs","volume":"23","author":"Chamberlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2008.00309.x","article-title":"Freehand ultrasound guided femoral arterial catheterization in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Ringold","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12767","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided catheterization of the femoral artery in a canine model of acute hemorrhagic shock","volume":"28","author":"Pavlisko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"65","article-title":"Ultrasound in hemodynamics assessment-Focused cardiac ultrasound","author":"Oricco","year":"2020"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05800-1","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided tip location and detection of tip migration of neonatal peripherally inserted central catheters: a prospective, multicenter study (DISLOTIP study)","volume":"29","author":"Grasso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2010.04.020","article-title":"Bedside ultrasound can safely eliminate the need for chest radiographs after central venous catheter placement: CVC sono in the surgical ICU (SICU)","volume":"163","author":"Matsushima","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Surg Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-1989-x","article-title":"Bedside ultrasound to detect central venous catheter misplacement and associated iatrogenic complications: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"22","author":"Smit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92911","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.92911","article-title":"A prospective observational quality improvement study of a two-step ultrasound protocol for guidewire confirmation during the internal jugular central venous catheter placement","volume":"17","author":"Vouri Kokkori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e231","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000130","article-title":"Agitated saline bubble-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography: a novel method to visualize the position of central venous catheter","volume":"42","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2015-205000","article-title":"Prospective comparison of ultrasound and CXR for confirmation of central vascular catheter placement","volume":"33","author":"Weekes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Med J."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003126","article-title":"Ultrasound to detect central venous catheter placement associated complications: a multicenter diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"132","author":"Smit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-025-00429-1","article-title":"WINFOCUS worldwide survey on central venous catheter insertion and position confirmation practices (CVC-ICON study)","volume":"17","author":"Corradi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ultrasound J."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001218","article-title":"Current practices in central venous catheter position confirmation by point of care ultrasound: a survey of early adopters","volume":"51","author":"Ablordeppey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shock."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.6.628","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasound-guided and landmark-based techniques for central venous catheterization via the external jugular vein in healthy anesthetized dogs","volume":"79","author":"Hundley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-012-0885-7","article-title":"Verification of correct central venous catheter placement in the emergency department: comparison between ultrasonography and chest radiography","volume":"8","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1745707\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T05:32:28Z","timestamp":1771997548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1745707\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1745707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1745707","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"article-number":"1745707"}}