{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:13:11Z","timestamp":1771481591071,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Testicular processing fluid (PF) obtained during boar castration may serve as a diagnostic matrix for monitoring porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) presence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anti- PCV2 antibodies in PF were detected using an indirect ELISA, and PCV2 DNA was detected by real-time PCR (qPCR), and the effects of sample pooling were evaluated. Paired sera and PF from boars and sera from gilts were tested with commercial ELISA and qPCR kits. PF-specific cut-offs were set by ROC (ELISA OD; qPCR Ct). Pooling was simulated by diluting positive PF samples with negative PF samples at predefined ratios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      With manufacturers\u2019 cut-offs, seropositivity was 89.94% (male sera), 87.43% (PF), and 92.81% (gilt sera); differences were observed only between gilt sera and PF. Using the ROC PF cut-off (OD \u2265 0.23), 88.82% PF were positive, and matrices did not differ; diagnostic agreement metrics for PF improved. In qPCR, positivity was 13.02% (boar sera), 16.90% (PF), and 9.36% (gilt sera). A ROC-specific PCR cut-off (Ct &amp;lt; 36.50) improved specificity, predictive values, and agreement without affecting sensitivity; serum and PF Ct values were moderately correlated (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f= 0.53). Pooling reduced detection of weak positives (most notably in qPCR) while high-positive PF remained detectable at higher dilutions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results demonstrate that PF provides a reliable, cost effective alternative to serum for PCV2 surveillance and monitoring when matrix-specific cut-offs are used; however, excessive pooling may lead to false-negative results. This approach may facilitate large-scale herd monitoring while reducing the need for invasive sampling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1745725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:22:46Z","timestamp":1771478566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Testicular processing fluid as a useful matrix for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 DNA and virus-specific antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Turlewicz-Podbielska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences","place":["Poznan, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Dors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences","place":["Poznan, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Pomorska-M\u00f3l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences","place":["Poznan, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720936616","article-title":"Non-invasive strategies for surveillance of swine viral diseases: a 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