{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T06:09:25Z","timestamp":1772431765691,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The resilience of biofilms makes it challenging to treat bacterial infections using conventional antibiotics. The study aimed to assess the antibacterial, anti-biofilm, anti-quorum-sensing, and cytotoxic activities of acetone extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>Cannabis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u201cGorilla Glue 1\u201d against fish pathogens. Antibacterial activity was determined using the two-fold serial microdilution method, while anti-biofilm activity was assessed using a modified crystal violet staining\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assay. Anti-quorum-sensing activity was evaluated via inhibition of violacein production in\n                    <jats:italic>Chromobacterium violaceum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (ATCC 12472). Cytotoxicity was assessed using a colorimetric assay against Vero kidney cells. Solvent extracts from treatment 0.36\u202fg N; 0.12\u202fg P; 0\u202fg K showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value (0.02\u202fmg\/mL) against\n                    <jats:italic>Edwardsiella tarda<\/jats:italic>\n                    (ATCC 15947) and\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (ATCC 13525) compared with other treatments. All tested solvent extracts demonstrated the ability to prevent or disrupt biofilm formation; however, treatment 0.36\u202fg N; 0.06\u202fg P; 0.12\u202fg K showed consistent anti-biofilm activity (&amp;gt;50% inhibition) against all tested pathogens. All solvent extract treatments exhibited comparable anti-quorum-sensing activity, while treatment 0.36\u202fg N; 0.06\u202fg P; 0.12\u202fg K demonstrated the highest inhibition of violacein production (98.61% at 1.25\u202fmg\/mL). Most solvent extracts were non-cytotoxic to Vero cells, with LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values &amp;gt;0.1\u202fmg\/mL, except treatment 0\u202fg N; 0.24\u202fg P; 0\u202fg K, which showed high cytotoxicity (LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u202f=\u202f0.04\u202fmg\/mL). Treatments 0.36\u202fg N; 0.12\u202fg P; 0\u202fg K, 0\u202fg N; 0.36\u202fg P; 0.6\u202fg K, and 0\u202fg N; 0\u202fg P; 0\u202fg K exhibited moderate toxicity (LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u202f=\u202f0.06\u202fmg\/mL). Treatment 0.36\u202fg N; 0.12\u202fg P; 0\u202fg K displayed the highest selectivity index (3.00) against Vero cells, indicating the most favorable safety profile among the extracts investigated. Leaf extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>Cannabis<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited useful bioactivities coupled with low cytotoxicity, providing impetus for further studies on their potential development as protective feed additives against microbial infections in fish production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1750799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T05:20:58Z","timestamp":1772428858000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vitro antibacterial, anti-biofilm, anti-quorum-sensing, and cytotoxic activities of leaf crude extracts of Cannabis \u201cGorilla glue 1\u201d"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shadrack","family":"Monyela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Science Campus","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prudence N.","family":"Kayoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Science Campus","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olasunkanmi S.","family":"Olawuwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Science Campus","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wonder","family":"Ngezimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Plant and Animal Sciences and Technology, Marondera University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, MUAST Innovation & Agro-Industrial Park Campus","place":["Marondera, Zimbabwe"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lufuno E.","family":"Nemadodzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Science Campus","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14223202","article-title":"Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of essential oils against Aeromonas spp. isolated from rainbow trout","volume":"14","author":"Hudecov\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020470","article-title":"Bacterial pathogenesis in various fish diseases: recent advances and specific 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