{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:45:31Z","timestamp":1790196331821,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>African swine fever (ASF) poses a major threat to the U.S. pork sector, with potentially large spillovers through domestic markets and international trade. To inform preparedness and policy design, we quantify the economy-wide consequences of a hypothetical ASF outbreak under alternative scenarios of production losses and export restrictions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate four hypothetical ASF scenarios that vary by outbreak size and export restrictions. The model endogenously captures adjustments in production, prices, bilateral trade flows, and welfare, and we assess robustness using systematic sensitivity analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Small outbreak scenarios generate limited sectoral disruption and no substantial GDP effects, with U.S. welfare losses of $310\u2013$563 million. Large outbreak scenarios reduce U.S. hog production by 7.34%\u20138.57% and pork production by 7.25%\u201310.8%, increase U.S. hog producer prices by 41.6%\u201341.8% and pork prices by 6.5%, and reduce U.S. GDP by 0.05%. Corresponding U.S. welfare losses rise to $10.9\u2013$11.4 billion. Globally, large outbreaks increase world hog and pork prices by 3.67%\u20133.69% and 1.20%\u20131.22%, respectively, and drive trade diversion toward alternative exporters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicate that the economic costs of ASF increase substantially with outbreak size and are shaped by the severity of trade restrictions. Investments that prevent escalation (early detection, rapid containment) and strategies that preserve market access (credible regionalization\/zoning arrangements) can substantially reduce welfare losses and global market disruption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1752899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T16:53:24Z","timestamp":1770051204000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Potential economy-wide impacts of an African swine fever outbreak in the United States"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tais C.","family":"de Menezes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Colorado State University","place":["Fort Collins, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Countryman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Colorado State University","place":["Fort Collins, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin L.","family":"Pendell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University","place":["Manhattan, KS, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rushton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh","place":["Midlothian, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Tickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M University","place":["College Station, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M University","place":["College Station, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112275","article-title":"African swine fever: transmission, spread, and control through biosecurity and disinfection","volume":"15","author":"Juszkiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Includ Polish Trends Viruses"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"African Swine Fever: Detection and Diagnosis","author":"Beltr\u00e1n-Alcrudo","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14121816","article-title":"African swine fever in the Philippines: a review on surveillance, prevention, and control strategies","volume":"14","author":"Fernandez-Colorado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011891","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1011891","article-title":"African swine fever virus: a re-emerging threat to the swine industry and food security in the Americas","volume":"13","author":"Ruiz-Saenz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"African swine fever response plan: The red book. 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