{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T12:18:47Z","timestamp":1773231527121,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Effective pain management is essential in veterinary needle-related procedures. Traditional methods, including infiltrative, cream, and spray formulations, have limitations such as delayed onset, inconsistent temperature control, and skin damage. This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel vapocoolant spray (VetEase\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      , Recensemedical, Hwaseong-si, Republic of Korea) for enhanced pain relief.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety cases of dogs received cryoanesthesia immediately before undergoing three types of needle-related procedures: centesis (including cystocentesis, thoracentesis, and abdominocentesis), fine-needle aspiration (FNA), and jugular venipuncture. Each procedure was divided into three groups based on cryoanesthesia spray conditions: control (no spray), group A (2 s at 2\u00b0C), and group B (5 s at 2\u00b0C). Modified pain scores and visual analog scale evaluations were recorded immediately after needle insertion to assess the reduction in pain. Pain evaluation criteria included vocalization, general movements, and other observable responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant pain reduction was observed in the centesis procedure for the group treated with cryoanesthesia at 2\u00b0C for 5 s (Group B), with a mean modified pain score of 0.8 compared to 3.7 in the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001). The visual analog scale also showed a significant reduction in Group B (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001). Although both cryoanesthesia groups showed reduced pain levels during FNA and jugular venipuncture procedures, the differences did not reach statistical significance. No skin complications were reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The novel cryoanesthetic device significantly alleviated needle-related pain during centesis procedures in dogs. It provided rapid local anesthesia, eliminating the need for prolonged onset times and minimizing skin complications, thereby presenting a viable alternative to topical anesthetics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1754998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:32:41Z","timestamp":1773156761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The efficacy of a novel CO2 topical vapocoolant spray for reducing needle-related pain in dogs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Na-rae","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Jung","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"253","article-title":"Effects of EMLA cream to decrease venipuncture-related pain and anxiety in children","volume":"12","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-022-00639-w","article-title":"Lidocaine spray 10% prior to intravenous catheterisation in 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