{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:55:08Z","timestamp":1781794508161,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (BPV) is the most common interventional procedure for treating severe pulmonic stenosis (PS) in dogs. Due to the cardiovascular compromise associated with PS, anaesthetic management must be carefully planned to ensure patient safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the anaesthetic protocols, perioperative complications, and clinical outcomes of dogs with severe PS undergoing BPV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective review of medical records was performed for 21 dogs with severe pulmonic stenosis (echocardiographic pressure gradient &amp;gt; 80\u202fmmHg) that underwent balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty between 2024 and 2025. Anaesthetic protocols were individualized based on cardiovascular assessment. Data were analyzed descriptively, and statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (version 25). A significance level of\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05 was adopted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-one dogs were included, with a median age of 18\u202fmonths (range: 3\u201384) and median body weight of 7.75\u202fkg (range: 2.2\u201326). French Bulldogs were the most common breed (33.3%). Syncope (42.9%) and fatigue (38.1%) were the most frequent clinical signs. Anaesthetic induction was predominantly performed using etomidate\u2013midazolam\u2013based protocols (95%), and anaesthesia was maintained with mainly isoflurane combined with intravenous adjuncts. Hypotension (MAP &amp;lt; 65\u202fmmHg) was the most common intraoperative complication, occurring in 66.7% of dogs, frequently requiring vasoactive support. Cardiac arrhythmias, including ventricular arrhythmias and bradyarrhythmia\u2019s, were also observed. Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty resulted in a significant reduction in right ventricular pressure gradient in 90% of cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty effectively reduced right ventricular pressure in dogs with severe pulmonic stenosis. Anaesthetic management was heterogeneous, with frequent use of etomidate- and benzodiazepine-based induction and inhalant anaesthesia combined with intravenous adjuncts. Intraoperative hemodynamic instability and arrhythmias were common, reinforcing the need for individualized anaesthetic planning and vigilant perioperative monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1757690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:23:52Z","timestamp":1781792632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anaesthetic management and clinical outcomes of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in dogs with severe pulmonic stenosis: a retrospective study (2024\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Daniele Midori Kakimoto","family":"Higa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Intensive Care Unit, Unit of Training Applied to Research and Extension (UFAPE)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro Rodrigues de Carvalho","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Intensive Care Unit, Unit of Training Applied to Research and Extension (UFAPE)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise Tabacchi","family":"Fantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Intensive Care Unit, Unit of Training Applied to Research and Extension (UFAPE)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus Matioli","family":"Mantovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia","place":["Uberl\u00e2ndia, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adan William de Melo","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Intensive Care Unit, Unit of Training Applied to Research and Extension (UFAPE)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielly Moreira dos Santos","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Intensive Care Unit, Unit of Training Applied to Research and Extension (UFAPE)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Sayuri","family":"Akabane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Intensive Care Unit, Unit of Training Applied to Research and Extension (UFAPE)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Teixeira","family":"Goldfeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia","place":["Uberl\u00e2ndia, Brazil"]},{"name":"Goldfeder Cardiologia Veterin\u00e1ria LTDA","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane Sanchez","family":"Galeazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia","place":["Uberl\u00e2ndia, Brazil"]},{"name":"Goldfeder Cardiologia Veterin\u00e1ria LTDA","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayara Travalini","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Intensive Care Unit, Unit of Training Applied to Research and Extension (UFAPE)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12113","article-title":"Pulmonic stenosis in dogs: survival and risk factors in a retrospective cohort of patients","volume":"54","author":"Locatelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine in Dogs and 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