{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T15:51:18Z","timestamp":1792857078177,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Regenerative endodontic treatments are being developed in veterinary dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and odontogenic potential of three biomaterials, ProRoot\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      MTA (MTA), RS\u202f+\u202f\u2122 (RS+), and CellFoam\u2122 (CF), on canine dental pulp stem cells (cDPSCs) under conditions simulating early and clinically relevant exposures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      cDPSCs were isolated from three healthy dog teeth extracted for clinical reasons and characterized by flow cytometry (CD44\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/CD90\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/CD29\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/CD34\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and multilineage differentiation. Cells were cultured with material suspensions (acute cytotoxic effect) or conditioned medium (physiologically relevant effect). Metabolic activity and cell viability were assessed by MTT and live\/dead assays. Osteogenic\/odontogenic differentiation was evaluated by Alizarin Red S staining and RT\u2013qPCR for RUNX2, ALPL, and MMP13 expression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In suspension cultures, compared with MTA and RS+, CF maintained significantly higher metabolic activity and cell viability across several dilutions, indicating lower acute cytotoxicity. Under conditioned exposure, no significant differences among materials were observed, reflecting the dilution and buffering effects that mitigate early reactivity. All the materials supported Alizarin Red S-positive mineral deposition, with a significant difference at D3, when ARS staining of cDPSCs was greater in cells conditioned with MTA than in those conditioned with CF. Gene expression analysis revealed lower RUNX2 and ALPL expression in MTA-conditioned cells, suggesting, together with ARS staining, progression toward a more advanced osteogenic or odontogenic differentiation stage. MMP13 expression remained comparable across materials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MTA, RS+, and CF demonstrated overall biocompatibility with cDPSCs and supported odontogenic differentiation under clinically relevant conditions. CF exhibited the lowest acute cytotoxicity, indicating its potential as a carrier for DPSC-based regenerative endodontic applications. These findings support the translational importance of\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      cDPSC models for evaluating biomaterial performance in veterinary regenerative endodontics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1758525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T13:46:58Z","timestamp":1770299218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In vitro effects of different biomaterials on canine dental pulp stem cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Marx","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Hospital Hofheim, IVC Evidensia","place":["Hofheim, Germany"]},{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Nemec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andra\u017e","family":"Kocjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metka","family":"Voga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/089875641503200101","article-title":"Classification and epidemiology of traumatic Dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)","volume":"32","author":"Soukup","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Dent"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-9657.2002.00075.x","article-title":"Consequences of crown fractures with pulpal exposure: histopathological evaluation in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Harran-Ponce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dent Traumatol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4477.2008.00120.x","article-title":"The transition from pulpitis to periapical periodontitis in dogs' teeth","volume":"34","author":"Kovacevic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust Endod J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00348","article-title":"Endodontic microbiome of fractured non-vital teeth in dogs determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing","volume":"6","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1995.tb06176.x","article-title":"Endodontics of dogs and cats: an alternative to extraction","volume":"72","author":"Clarke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2005.03.001","article-title":"Fundamentals of endodontics","volume":"35","author":"Niemiec","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/0898756419873639","article-title":"Microbiological aspects of naturally occurring primary endodontic infections in dogs","volume":"36","author":"Srecnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Dent"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/089875640101800301","article-title":"Vital pulp therapy for complicated crown fracture of permanent canine teeth in dogs: a three-year retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Clarke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vet Dent"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/08987564211046325","article-title":"Decision-making and management of immature permanent teeth with crown fractures in small animals-a review","volume":"38","author":"Zacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Dent"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","article-title":"Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. 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