{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T21:42:21Z","timestamp":1773265341603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Trueperella pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>T. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), an opportunistic pathogen, colonizes animal mucosal membranes (respiratory, genitourinary, gastrointestinal) and globally causes systemic infections including endometritis and pneumonia. Its primary virulence factor, pyolysin (PLO), has been extensively studied to elucidate the pathogen\u2019s mechanisms and to develop vaccines, yet effective prevention strategies have not been achieved. This study characterized two\n                    <jats:italic>T. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains isolated from sika deer (D-\n                    <jats:italic>T. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and swine (S-\n                    <jats:italic>T. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) through comparative genomics and immunological analyses. Whole-genome sequencing revealed significant genetic divergence in the\n                    <jats:italic>plo<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, with 85 nucleotide differences (94.7% identity) and 19 amino acid substitutions (96.4% identity) between the strains. The S-\n                    <jats:italic>T. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain possessed unique virulence factors, including nutritional toxicity and specialized secretion systems, which may explain its enhanced virulence in murine models. Immunization with prokaryotically expressed recombinant PLO proteins (D-rPLO and S-rPLO) elicited robust humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. While D-rPLO induced faster antibody production and higher survival rates post-challenge, S-rPLO triggered stronger pro-inflammatory cytokine responses (IL-2, TNF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) but conferred inferior protection, likely due to immune evasion associated with its virulence-related epitopes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a predominant increase in the CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell ratio, highlighting Th1-mediated immunity as critical for pathogen clearance. Histopathological examination correlated D-rPLO\u2019s superior efficacy with reduced tissue damage, suggesting that host-specific variations in the\n                    <jats:italic>plo<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene influence antigenic epitope recognition. These findings highlight host-driven adaptations shaping bacterial immunogenicity and PLO\u2019s functional diversity, advancing\n                    <jats:italic>T. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenesis understanding and guiding multi-antigen vaccine design targeting conserved epitopes for balanced efficacy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1758657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T05:37:01Z","timestamp":1773207421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PLO genomic diversity underpins differential immunogenicity of Trueperella pyogenes strains from deer and swine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Huanyi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tenglong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Zhenhe Tongchuang (Chongqing) High-Tech Technology Co., Ltd.","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Zhenhe Tongchuang (Chongqing) High-Tech Technology Co., Ltd.","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2014-0055","article-title":"Trueperella pyogenes infections in swine: clinical course and pathology","volume":"17","author":"Jarosz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112737","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Trueperella pyogenes: a review","volume":"20","author":"Rzewuska","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824349","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.824349","article-title":"A virulent Trueperella pyogenes isolate, which causes severe bronchoconstriction in porcine precision-cut lung slices","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet 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