{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:36:05Z","timestamp":1782347765482,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lumpy skin disease (LSD) threatens cattle health and productivity in Ivory Coast, where limited resources for livestock management hinder disease control. Moreover, the lack of studies on its prevalence and genetic profile leaves critical gaps in understanding its epidemiology and local risk factors. This study addresses these gaps by investigating LSD viruses\u2019 prevalence, its molecular characteristic and the associated risk factors among cattle in the Poro Region of northern Ivory Coast.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a cross-sectional design, nodule and nasal swab samples were collected from 405 cattle across 36 villages between September 2023 and December 2024 based on syndromic surveillance. The samples were analyzed PCR to confirm LSD virus presence, followed by sequencing of four viral genes: RPO30, GPCR, EEV glycoprotein, and B22R.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, LSD prevalence among cattle showing pox-like lesions and clinical symptoms was found to be 51.85% and varied significantly across localities, reaching 66.67% in M\u2019bengu\u00e9 and 70.87% in Dikodougou. Larger herds (over 50 cattle) had a higher prevalence (76.51%) compared to smaller herds (34.72%), and transhumant herds showed increased prevalence (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). No significant associations were identified between sex, age, or breed. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Ivory Coast LSDV strains clusters with other African field strains, distinct from South-East Asian and Russian recombinants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study shows a notable regional difference in the prevalence of LSD in cattle in Ivory Coast, with big and transhumant herds having a higher prevalence rate making the herd size and movement a major risk factor. Molecular analysis demonstrated that Ivory Coast LSD strains are in the same group with other strains found in the African field, indicating that it is necessary to take control measures within the region and provide further surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1759378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T05:29:47Z","timestamp":1772774987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology and molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus in cattle in the Poro Region of Ivory Coast"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mireille Catherine","family":"Kadja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristide Anicet","family":"Zobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Laboratory","place":["Bingerville, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmond","family":"Onidje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia","place":["Perugia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laiban\u00e9 Dieudonn\u00e9","family":"Dahourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences de l\u2019Environnement et du D\u00e9veloppement Rural, Universit\u00e9 Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly","place":["D\u00e9dougou, Burkina Faso"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yemienguigna Nougnon","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyprien Bokpe","family":"Yapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Laboratory","place":["Bingerville, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souahibou Sourokou","family":"Sabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin Obukowho","family":"Emikpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","place":["Kumasi, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene Kasindi","family":"Meki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tirumala Bharani Kumar","family":"Settypalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William George","family":"Dundon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viskam","family":"Wijewardana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles Euloge","family":"Lamien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"8","article-title":"L\u2019\u00e9levage ovin (Ovis aries) en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: 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