{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:31:39Z","timestamp":1770816699248,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013409","name":"Sistema General de Regal\u00edas de Colombia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202100010027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202100010027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rapid and accurate detection and identification of bovine mastitis-causing pathogens are crucial for treatment decisions and dairy farm management. In this work, we developed and validated a diagnostic system for point-of-care applications that may properly detect and identify\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , non-\n                      <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      staphylococci, and other\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, which are all considered as relevant pathogenic species for bovine mastitis in Colombia. The diagnostic system is supported by a mobile application, +tiApp, that facilitates result interpretation, digital record keeping, and provides evidence-based treatment recommendations to assist on-farm decisions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 520 milk samples from cows with somatic cell count (SCC) &amp;lt; 200,000 cells\/ml, or &amp;lt; 100,000 cells\/ml for primiparous cows, which were deemed free of intramammary infection, and subclinical mastitis cows (&amp;gt;200,000 cells\/ml, or &amp;gt;100,000 cells\/ml for primiparous cows) were analyzed using the +tiDx system and a composite reference standard (CRS), which included standard microbiological culture (SMC) and SCC as testing conditions, to assess diagnostic performance for detection and identification of Gram-positive pathogens. We evaluated our diagnostic system by REASSURED criteria against the SMC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The +tiDx diagnostic system demonstrated adequate overall performance relative to CRS for the detection of mastitis caused by Gram-positive bacteria, achieving a sensitivity of 0.98 and a specificity of 0.94 relative to CRS. Regarding its performance relative to CRS against specific pathogens, the system yielded varied yet noteworthy results depending on the evaluated species: a sensitivity of 0.65 and specificity of 0.94 for\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; 0.82 sensitivity and 0.93 specificity for\n                      <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; 0.36 sensitivity and 0.98 specificity for non-\n                      <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      staphylococci; and values of 0.98 sensitivity and 0.92 specificity for other\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. Cohen's kappa coefficient was 0.92, indicating high concordance between the in-laboratory diagnostic system and CRS, while concordance between the on-field diagnostic system and CRS was 0.74.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>+tiDx is a practical and reliable on-farm diagnostic tool for Gram-positive intramammary infections, combining timeliness and ease of use with appropriate user training to ensure accurate result interpretation and support effective mastitis control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1766686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T05:26:50Z","timestamp":1770787610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of +tiDx: a point-of-care diagnostic system for Gram-positive bovine mastitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Restrepo-Cano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES","place":["Sabaneta, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arley","family":"Caraballo-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES","place":["Sabaneta, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miryan Margot","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES","place":["Sabaneta, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanny","family":"Torres-Lindarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES","place":["Sabaneta, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1017\/S002202992000062X","article-title":"Point-of-care tests for bovine clinical mastitis: what do we have and what do we need?","volume":"87","author":"Malcata","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6945","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24626","article-title":"Global losses due to dairy cattle diseases: a comorbidity-adjusted economic analysis","volume":"107","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00273","article-title":"Assessing financial impacts of subclinical mastitis on colombian dairy farms","volume":"5","author":"Romero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Gobernaci\u00f3n\n              de Antioquia\n            \n          \n          Anuario Estad\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B5","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laboratory Handbook on Bovine Mastitis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6815","article-title":"Herd- and cow-level risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy farms from the High Plains of the northern Antioquia, Colombia","volume":"97","author":"Ram\u00edrez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.19052\/mv.562","article-title":"Factores asociados a mastitis en vacas de la microcuenca lechera del altiplano norte de Antioquia, Colombia","volume":"22","author":"Ram\u00edrez-V\u00e1squez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Med Vet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.15446\/rfmvz.v66n3.84258","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal infectious etiology causing mastitis in dairy cows in the highlands of Boyac\u00e1 (Colombia)","volume":"66","author":"Tarazona-Manrique","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. 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