{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T21:22:39Z","timestamp":1783977759641,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic>Protoparvovirus carnivoran<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 viral species includes relevant pathogens as feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), which are mainly responsible for immunosuppression and gastroenteritis in domestic and wild carnivores. Differently to FPV, CPV is frequently subjected to mutations. To date, the original antigenic type CPV-2 is mainly used in vaccine production, while field strains have been progressively replaced by the CPV antigenic variants 2a, 2b, and 2c. In recent years, additional distinctive mutations have been identified in different CPV antigenic variants classified as \u201cAsian-like.\u201d The variability of these viruses can impact on the reliability of molecular diagnostic tests potentially leading to false-negative results or delays in diagnosis. To improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency, innovative molecular techniques such as High-Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis have been developed. These methods reduce execution time, facilitate diagnosis, and enable the differentiation of species or variants without the need for sequencing. In this study, two real-time PCR (qPCR) assays with HRM analysis were developed to complement existing tools for the detection and genetic differentiation of circulating FPV and CPV. Specifically, a test capable of differentiating FPV, original CPV-2 and CPV-2 antigenic variants, and a test for the identification of Asian-like CPV strains were validated. Furthermore, the FPV and CPV-2 identified in 33 dogs and cats diagnosed with parvoviral infection in a veterinary teaching hospital in Northern Italy between 2017 and 2023 were genetically characterized by sequencing. Based on specific VP2 amino acid residues, 33.3% viruses were FPV, 6.1% were original CPV-2, 6.1% were CPV-2a, 21.2% were CPV-2b and 33.3% were CPV-2c. FPV were detected only in cats and showed high amino acid similarity, confirming its evolutionary stasis. The 45.4% of CPV identified in this study, carried amino acid residues resembling those of Asian-like viruses, suggesting an origin linked to an initial importation and subsequent local diffusion. In contrast, the other CPV-2a, 2b, and 2c viruses exhibited greater genetic heterogeneity and their autochthonous origin was supposed. The two qPCR-HRM assays successfully detected and classified all the FPV and CPV tested, highlighting their reliability and usefulness for both diagnostic and epidemiological purposes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1789452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T14:54:37Z","timestamp":1772636077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Feline panleukopenia virus and canine parvovirus: development of two qPCR assays with high-resolution melting analysis and molecular epidemiology in dogs and cats from Northen Italy in 2017\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Balboni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Facile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenza","family":"Urbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Magliocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gallina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Vigato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Battilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12050722","article-title":"Old and novel enteric parvoviruses of dogs","volume":"12","author":"Capozza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5514806","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular evolution of parvovirus in cats in eastern Shandong, China, between 2021 and 2022","volume":"2024","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.07.007","article-title":"Canine parvovirus","volume":"40","author":"Goddard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.05.027","article-title":"Feline parvovirus infection and associated diseases","volume":"201","author":"Stuetzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-006-0046-4","article-title":"Analysis of the evolution of feline parvovirus (FPV)","volume":"30","author":"Battilani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1308.070505","article-title":"The study molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus, Europe","volume":"13","author":"Decaro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.62.1.266-276.1988","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence and genome organization of canine parvovirus","volume":"62","author":"Reed","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9352","article-title":"Assaying for structural variation in the parvovirus capsid and its role in infection","volume":"250","author":"Weichert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"312","article-title":"La gastroenterite infectieuse des chats; est-elle due \u00e0 un virus filtrable?","volume":"99","author":"Verge","year":"1928","journal-title":"CR Seances Soc Biol Fil"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4702","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.8.4702-4710.1995","article-title":"Evolution of the feline-subgroup parvoviruses and the control of canine host range in vivo","volume":"69","author":"Truyen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.77.3.1718-1726.2003","article-title":"The natural host range shift and subsequent evolution of canine parvovirus resulted from virus-specific binding to the canine transferrin receptor","volume":"77","author":"Hueffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6858","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.66.12.6858-6867.1992","article-title":"Multiple amino acids in the capsid structure of canine parvovirus coordinately determine the canine host range and specific antigenic and hemagglutination properties","volume":"66","author":"Chang","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.59.030804.121059","article-title":"The origins of new pandemic viruses: the acquisition of new host ranges by canine parvovirus and influenza a viruses","volume":"59","author":"Parrish","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1212","article-title":"Characterization of the feline host range and a specific epitope of feline panleukopenia virus","volume":"200","author":"Truyen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101765","article-title":"Canine parvovirology - a brief updated review on structural biology, occurrence, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention","volume":"82","author":"Tuteja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-69-5-1111","article-title":"The global spread and replacement of canine parvovirus strains","volume":"69","author":"Parrish","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1702(01)00431-2","article-title":"Genetic analysis of canine parvovirus isolates (CPV-2) from dogs in Italy","volume":"83","author":"Battilani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.03.030","article-title":"A minor groove binder probe real-time PCR assay for discrimination between type 2-based vaccines and field strains of canine parvovirus","volume":"136","author":"Decaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0021","article-title":"Evolution of canine parvovirus involved loss and gain of feline host range","volume":"215","author":"Truyen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1126\/science.4059921","article-title":"Natural variation of canine parvovirus","volume":"230","author":"Parrish","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2006420","article-title":"The three-dimensional structure of canine parvovirus and its functional implications","volume":"251","author":"Tsao","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.340160204","article-title":"Structure determination of feline panleukopenia virus empty particles","volume":"16","author":"Agbandie","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-1135(99)00084-x","article-title":"Host range relationships and the evolution of canine parvovirus","volume":"69","author":"Parrish","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000540","article-title":"Canine parvovirus: the worldwide occurrence of antigenic variants","volume":"97","author":"Miranda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-12-3021","article-title":"Evidence for evolution of canine parvovirus type 2 in Italy","volume":"82","author":"Buonavoglia","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091962","article-title":"Not Asian anymore: reconstruction of the history, evolution, and dispersal of the \"Asian\" lineage of CPV-2c","volume":"15","author":"Franzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218810","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1218810","article-title":"Molecular characterization and genetic diversity of parvoviruses prevalent in cats in central and eastern China from 2018 to 2022","volume":"10","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14131969","article-title":"Molecular detection of viral and bacterial pathogens in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Italy","volume":"14","author":"Magliocca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175035","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175035","article-title":"The genetic evolution of canine parvovirus - a new perspective","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11540","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911540","article-title":"The changes in canine parvovirus variants over the years","volume":"23","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12747","article-title":"Introduction of Asian canine parvovirus in Europe through dog importation","volume":"65","author":"Mira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13283","article-title":"Spreading of canine parvovirus type 2c mutants of Asian origin in southern Italy","volume":"66","author":"Mira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13379","article-title":"Nearly full-length genome characterization of canine parvovirus strains circulating in Nigeria","volume":"67","author":"Ogbu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02918-6","article-title":"The detection of canine parvovirus type 2c of Asian origin in dogs in Romania evidenced its progressive worldwide diffusion","volume":"17","author":"Balboni","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-005-0034-8","article-title":"Evolution of CPV-2 and implication for antigenic\/genetic characterization","volume":"33","author":"Martella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.02.006","article-title":"Canine parvovirus infection: which diagnostic test for virus?","volume":"126","author":"Desario","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(93)90035-e","article-title":"Comparison of polymerase chain reaction with virus isolation and haemagglutination assays for the detection of canine parvoviruses in faecal specimens","volume":"55","author":"Mochizuki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(94)00102-3","article-title":"Rapid method utilizing the polymerase chain reaction for detection of canine parvovirus in feces of diarrheic dogs","volume":"43","author":"Uwatoko","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.09.018","article-title":"A real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and quantitation of canine parvovirus type 2 in the feces of dogs","volume":"105","author":"Decaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.09.007","article-title":"Canine parvovirus--a review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2c","volume":"155","author":"Decaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2012.03284.x","article-title":"Development and evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of canine parvovirus DNA directly in faecal specimens","volume":"55","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2012_01_71","article-title":"A rapid and highly reliable field-based LAMP assay of canine parvovirus","volume":"56","author":"Parthiban","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1373\/49.6.853","article-title":"High-resolution genotyping by amplicon melting analysis using LCGreen","volume":"49","author":"Wittwer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2014.08.001","article-title":"High resolution melting curve analysis as a new tool for rapid identification of canine parvovirus type 2 strains","volume":"28","author":"Bingga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1898-5","article-title":"Simultaneous detection and differentiation of canine parvovirus and feline parvovirus by high resolution melting analysis","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.054924","article-title":"High-resolution DNA melting analysis for simultaneous mutation scanning and genotyping in solution","volume":"51","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.032136","article-title":"Genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms by high-resolution melting of small amplicons","volume":"50","author":"Liew","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-43","article-title":"Genetic complexity and multiple infections with more parvovirus species in naturally infected cats","volume":"42","author":"Battilani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964177","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.964177","article-title":"Concomitant infections with canine parvovirus type 2 and intracellular tick-borne pathogens in two puppy dogs","volume":"9","author":"Urbani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137288","article-title":"Co-circulation of the rare CPV-2c with unique Gln370Arg substitution, new CPV-2b with unique Thr440Ala substitution, and new CPV-2a with high prevalence and variation in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China","volume":"10","author":"Geng","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.208.04.542","article-title":"Risk factors associated with parvovirus enteritis in dogs: 283 cases (1982-1991)","volume":"208","author":"Houston","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-010-0007-y","article-title":"Canine parvovirus: current perspective","volume":"21","author":"Nandi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Virol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13718","article-title":"2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats - compiled by the vaccination guidelines group (VGG) of the world small animal veterinary association (WSAVA)","volume":"65","author":"Squires","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/001503-0","article-title":"Genetic analysis of feline panleukopenia viruses from cats with gastroenteritis","volume":"89","author":"Decaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040308","article-title":"Molecular characterization and evolutionary analyses of carnivore protoparvovirus 1 NS1 gene","volume":"11","author":"Mira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.09.021","article-title":"Molecular insight into Italian canine parvovirus heterogeneity and comparison with the worldwide scenario","volume":"66","author":"Tucciarone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2478\/acve-2018-0007","article-title":"Investigation on canine parvovirus circulation in dogs from Sicily (Italy) by biomolecular assay","volume":"68","author":"Purpari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet Brno"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3457-3","article-title":"First molecular characterization of canine parvovirus strains in Sardinia, Italy","volume":"162","author":"Dei Giudici","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050917","article-title":"Molecular investigation of recent canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) in Italy revealed distinct clustering","volume":"14","author":"Carrino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8915","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.77.16.8915-8923.2003","article-title":"Residues in the apical domain of the feline and canine transferrin receptors control host-specific binding and cell infection of canine and feline parvoviruses","volume":"77","author":"Palermo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.12.016","article-title":"Genetic analysis of canine parvovirus type 2c","volume":"385","author":"Decaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2096-1","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus type 2 in Italy from 1994 to 2017: recurrence of the CPV-2b variant","volume":"15","author":"Battilani","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03281-w","article-title":"Molecular characteristics and genetic evolutionary analyses of circulating parvoviruses derived from cats in Beijing","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172307","article-title":"Global distribution, cross-species transmission, and receptor binding of canine parvovirus-2: risks and implications for humans","volume":"930","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001604","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1001604","article-title":"Isolation and identification of a novel canine parvovirus type 2c strain in domestic cats in Dalian, China","volume":"9","author":"Jing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004475","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004475","article-title":"Host-specific parvovirus evolution in nature is recapitulated by in vitro adaptation to different carnivore species","volume":"10","author":"Allison","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406765102","article-title":"High rate of viral evolution associated with the emergence of carnivore parvovirus","volume":"102","author":"Shackelton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-7-1555","article-title":"Analysis of canine parvovirus sequences from wolves and dogs isolated in Italy","volume":"82","author":"Battilani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26561","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus type 2 in Sicily, southern Italy: a geographical island, an epidemiological continuum","volume":"10","author":"Mira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11240","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911240","article-title":"Identification and molecular characterization of a divergent Asian-like canine parvovirus type 2b (CPV-2b) strain in southern Italy","volume":"23","author":"Schir\u00f2","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1356-9","article-title":"Molecular analysis of carnivore Protoparvovirus detected in white blood cells of naturally infected cats","volume":"14","author":"Balboni","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vey011","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vey011","article-title":"Inter- and intracontinental migrations and local differentiation have shaped the contemporary epidemiological landscape of canine parvovirus in South America","volume":"4","author":"Grecco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2020.21.e43","article-title":"New genotype classification and molecular characterization of canine and feline parvoviruses","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030522","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1030522","article-title":"Identification of novel recombinants and proposed standard reference genomes for phylogenetic classification of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2): comprehensive analysis revealing global evolutionary trait","volume":"9","author":"Bahoussi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.12.009","article-title":"Continuing evolution of canine parvovirus in China: isolation of novel variants with an Ala5Gly mutation in the VP2 protein","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13100","article-title":"Genome sequence characterization of canine parvoviruses prevalent in the Sichuan province of China","volume":"66","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104780","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and genetic evolution of canine parvovirus in East China, during 2018-2020","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122612","article-title":"Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV-2 and FPV) circulating in wild carnivores and in puppies illegally imported into north-eastern Italy","volume":"14","author":"Leopardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082387","article-title":"Molecular analysis of full-length VP2 of canine parvovirus reveals antigenic drift in CPV-2b and CPV-2c variants in Central Chile","volume":"11","author":"Alexis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/002055-0","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis reveals the emergence, evolution and dispersal of carnivore parvoviruses","volume":"89","author":"Hoelzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ref82","author":"Spilbey","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02220","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02220-18","article-title":"Carnivore parvovirus ecology in the Serengeti ecosystem: vaccine strains circulating and new host species identified","volume":"93","author":"Calatayud","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1789452\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T14:54:38Z","timestamp":1772636078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1789452\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1789452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1789452","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"article-number":"1789452"}}