{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:13:06Z","timestamp":1778130786952,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Climate change causes physiological, metabolic, and behavioral changes that affect animal welfare (AW). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of seasonality and different breeding systems on the behavior and thermal comfort of sheep in northern Brazil, in the eastern Amazon region. We used 20 Santa In\u00eas sheep, non-castrated, non-pregnant, and non-lactating females. They were randomly divided into two systems: Traditional System (TS;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f10), Silvopastoral System (SP;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f10). The behavioral assessment was carried out from 6\u202fa.m. to 6\u202fa.m., with behavior recorded every 5\u202fmin, considering the morning (MH), afternoon (TD), night (NT), and dawn (MD) shifts, during the most and least rainy periods. The Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) was calculated. The data were evaluated at a 5% significance level using the software Statistical Analysis System (SAS). THI was higher during the afternoon shift, indicating severe stress (89%). There was a difference (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) in the ingestive and idle behaviors of the sheep, influenced by seasonal periods, day shifts, and production systems evaluated. Grazing occurred with greater intensity in the less rainy period (64.81%) compared to the rainiest period (35.19%), being more pronounced during MD (42.40%) and MH (39.23%). Standing rumination was higher in the rainy season (56.71%) and in the NT (77.28%), while in the less rainy period, it occurred during MH (100%). It is concluded that rearing sheep in an SP favored a greater expression of AW behaviors, contributing to higher production efficiency.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1789845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:47:14Z","timestamp":1778129234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of seasonality and different rearing systems on the behavior and thermal comfort of sheep in the northern region of Brazil, eastern Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rubens Lima","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA)","place":["Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel Silva","family":"de Holanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA)","place":["Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo Lima","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA)","place":["Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiago Nogueira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA)","place":["Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Gustavo Paix\u00e3o","family":"Vilela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT)","place":["Cuiab\u00e1, MT, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina Cardoso","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA)","place":["Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiane Silva","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA)","place":["Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica Silva","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA)","place":["Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wellen Karolyne Martins","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lutheran University Center of Santar\u00e9m 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Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA)","place":["Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica Silva","family":"de Alencar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA)","place":["Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucietta Guerreiro","family":"Martorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Eastern Amazon","place":["Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udio Vieira","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT)","place":["Cuiab\u00e1, MT, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raimundo Nonato Colares","family":"Camargo-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Par\u00e1 (IFPA)","place":["Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9der Bruno Rebelo","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lutheran University Center of Santar\u00e9m (CEULS\/ULBRA)","place":["Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Sousa","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT)","place":["Cuiab\u00e1, MT, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Italo Messias Ferreira","family":"de 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