{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:33:21Z","timestamp":1792802001418,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is recognized as one of the most severe zoonotic viruses, marked by gastrointestinal disturbances and hemorrhagic symptoms in its more severe forms. Transmission occurs mainly through ticks of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                    or through contact with infected animal tissues. A wide range of animals can be asymptomatically infected, and the presence of antibodies against CCHFV in these animals poses a significant risk to individuals who are in close contact with livestock. Globally, research on CCHFV is scarce, and this is particularly true in the case of Egypt. This study aimed to evaluate the exposure of camels to CCHFV in Egypt and to compare seroprevalence across different geographic regions. In this investigation, a total of 513 serum samples were collected from apparently healthy camels across Egypt, representing the key northern and southern parts of the country, and tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Surprisingly, a total of 511 samples (99.61%) tested positive for CCHFV antibodies, representing the highest seroprevalence rate of CCHFV reported at both national and international levels. Seropositivity was consistently observed across all sampled regions. The observed high seroprevalence indicates frequent exposure of camels in Egypt to CCHFV or antigenically related viruses. Camels may therefore represent an important component of viral circulation among livestock populations. Given the close contact between camels and humans during husbandry, transport, and slaughter, these findings support the need for improved surveillance at the camel-human interface. In conclusion, this study provides interesting serological evidence of widespread exposure of camels to CCHFV in Egypt. Further large-scale serological and molecular investigations in livestock and humans, together with the characterization of circulating viral strains and assessment of tick infestation, are required to better define CCHFV transmission dynamics and potential implications for human health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1792421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:20:38Z","timestamp":1776918038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Serosurvey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ehab Kotb","family":"Elmahallawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University","place":["Sohag, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"El-Zayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Branch, Agricultural Research Center","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Fr\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda de C\u00f3rdoba, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"]},{"name":"CIBERINFEC, ISCIII CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wejdan Oudah","family":"Albalawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University","place":["Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samar A.","family":"Eissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University","place":["Kafrelsheikh, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal F.","family":"El-Khadragy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Shukry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences","place":["College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safaa Gamal","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University","place":["Sohag, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"]},{"name":"CIBERINFEC, ISCIII CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever","year":"2022"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.02.018","article-title":"Al, Fazlalipour M, Mostafavi E, Leblebicioglu H, Pshenichnaya N, et al. Current status of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the world health organization Eastern Mediterranean region: issues, challenges, and future directions","volume":"58","author":"Al-Abri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091907","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Asia, Africa and Europe","volume":"9","author":"Shahhosseini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv050","article-title":"The global distribution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever","volume":"109","author":"Messina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004210","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004210","article-title":"Seroepidemiological Studies of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in domestic and wild animals","volume":"10","author":"Spengler","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00871-9","article-title":"Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus","volume":"21","author":"Hawman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2014.931685","article-title":"Seroprevalance of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Bulgarian livestock","volume":"28","author":"Barthel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.12816\/0006324","article-title":"The tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Africa, Asia, Europe, and America: what about Egypt?","volume":"42","author":"El-Bahnasawy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1525","article-title":"Serosurvey for zoonotic viral and bacterial pathogens among slaughtered livestock in Egypt","volume":"14","author":"Horton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"77","article-title":"Results of a preliminary seroepidemiological survey for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Egypt","volume":"22","author":"Darwish","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-022-00435-z","article-title":"Genetic similarity and diversity among three camel populations reared in Egypt","volume":"20","author":"Abdel-Aziem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"201","article-title":"Serological evidence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viral infection among camels imported into Egypt","volume":"93","author":"Morrill","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2912.230587","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus seropositivity among dromedary Camels, Algeria, 2020-2021","volume":"29","author":"Guidoum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508496","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1508496","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Egypt: a comparative seroepidemiological study in Upper and Lower Egypt","volume":"11","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.01.006","article-title":"A novel double-antigen sandwich ELISA for the species-independent detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-specific antibodies","volume":"151","author":"Sas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2592","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in domesticated animals in Northwestern Senegal","volume":"20","author":"Mangombi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3409106","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/3409106","article-title":"Al, Osman B, Hassen AA, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infections in slaughtered camels and abattoir workers in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"2025","author":"Sheek-Hussein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2024.114915","article-title":"Approaching the complexity of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus serology: a study in swine","volume":"326","author":"Bost","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Virol Methods."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268824000189","article-title":"Investigating Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus seropositivity in camels and human behavioural risks in an abattoir in Nigeria","volume":"152","author":"Adamu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101601","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection among the one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) in southern Tunisia","volume":"12","author":"Bouaicha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009228","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009228","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibody prevalence in Mauritanian livestock (cattle, goats, sheep and camels) is stratified by the animal's age","volume":"15","author":"Schulz","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.12.043","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from imported camels in Egypt","volume":"29","author":"Bendary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2802.211308","article-title":"Widespread detection of multiple strains of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks, Spain","volume":"28","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Seco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3004.221604","article-title":"Animal exposure model for mapping Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus emergence risk","volume":"30","author":"Baz-Flores","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932304","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.932304","article-title":"Systematic review on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever enzootic cycle and factors favoring virus transmission: special Focus on France, an apparently free-disease area in Europe","volume":"9","author":"Bernard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2022.100443","article-title":"Tick-borne diseases in Egypt: a one health perspective","volume":"15","author":"Abdelbaset","year":"2022","journal-title":"One Health."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009384","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009384","article-title":"le Roux C, Kemp A, Burt FJ, Tempia S, Grobbelaar A, Moolla N, Rostal MK, Bagge W, et al. Risk factors associated with exposure to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in animal workers and cattle, and molecular detection in ticks, South Africa","volume":"15","author":"Msimang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.133","article-title":"Antibody to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in wild mammals from southern Africa","volume":"36","author":"Shepherd","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2021.114075","article-title":"Serological and molecular study of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in cattle from selected districts in Uganda","volume":"290","author":"Balinandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol Methods."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091891","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic 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