{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:20:03Z","timestamp":1789435203343,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007414","name":"Qassim University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Dromedary camels (\n                    <jats:italic>Camelus dromedarius<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are vital to food security, livelihoods and cultural identity in arid and semi-arid regions of Africa, the Middle East and South Asia, with global populations exceeding 35\u201340 million and continuing to rise as climate change favors livestock adapted to harsh environments. Despite their expanding roles in meat and milk production, transport, tourism and racing, camel health and welfare remain comparatively underexplored, particularly regarding infectious diseases. This review synthesizes current knowledge on major bacterial infections, including brucellosis, tuberculosis, mastitis, suppurative infections, salmonellosis, and clostridial diseases, as well as important viral diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, camel pox, Rift Valley fever, rabies, contagious ecthyma, and peste des petits ruminants, with a focus on their implications for animal welfare. These diseases commonly lead to acute and chronic pain, fever, respiratory compromise, reproductive failure, debilitation, and mortality, and are associated with physiological stress responses such as activation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis and increased acute-phase proteins, alongside behavioral changes including lethargy, reduced grooming, altered social interactions, and impaired maternal and working behaviors. Using the Five Freedoms and the Five Domains Model frameworks, this review demonstrates how infectious diseases undermine multiple dimensions of camel welfare, including nutrition, physical comfort, health, behavior, and mental state. Beyond individual animals, camel diseases have significant socioeconomic and ethical implications. Several pathogens are zoonotic, posing risks to pastoralists, veterinarians, and other stakeholders, and influencing trade regulations, disease control strategies, and culling practices, which may further exacerbate welfare compromise. Key knowledge gaps remain, including the lack of validated camel-specific welfare assessment tools, limited longitudinal data on welfare trajectories during disease outbreaks, and insufficient integration of welfare indicators into surveillance and control programs. The review highlights priority research and policy needs, including the development of field-adapted welfare scoring systems, evaluation of welfare impacts of interventions such as vaccination and movement restrictions, and stronger integration of animal welfare into One Health and One Welfare frameworks to support sustainable camel production and resilient dryland livelihoods.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1795334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:53:27Z","timestamp":1780030407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The impact of bacterial and viral diseases on dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) welfare: a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Syed Faizan Ali","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences","place":["Lahore, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Tharwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University","place":["Buraidah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences","place":["Lahore, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad A.","family":"Alshanbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University","place":["Buraidah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00167","article-title":"Genetic improvement in dromedary camels: challenges and opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Al Abri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Genet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-020-00176-z","article-title":"How many large camelids in the world? A synthetic analysis of the world camel demographic changes","author":"Faye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pastoralism."},{"key":"B3","article-title":"The enigma of camel-types: localities, utilities, names, and breed statuses","author":"Alaskar","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCS."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02197-2","article-title":"Camelids: new players in the international animal production context","volume":"52","author":"Zarrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B5","article-title":"gateway to dairy production and products","author":"\u0160alehar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol Pol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s43014-023-00130-7","article-title":"Camel milk products: innovations, limitations and opportunities","volume":"5","author":"Seifu","year":"2023","journal-title":"FPPN."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024031","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.2024031","article-title":"Anatomical and physiological properties of the dromedary: A potential sustainability alternative and a vital asset in the era of climate change","volume":"12","author":"Kebir","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anim Behav Biometeorol."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"57","article-title":"Unique physiological and behavioural adaptive features of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) to arid environments","volume":"8","author":"Adah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Vet Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfac043","article-title":"Intensification of camel farming and milk production with special emphasis on animal health, welfare, and the biotechnology of reproduction","volume":"12","author":"Nagy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Front."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani7080060","article-title":"Operational details of the five domains model and its key applications to the assessment and management of animal welfare","author":"Mellor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.1017\/awf.2023.84","article-title":"Rethinking the utility of the five domains model","volume":"32","author":"Hampton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal Welfare."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101870","article-title":"The 2020 five domains model: including human\u2013animal interactions in assessments of animal welfare","author":"Mellor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416714","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1416714","article-title":"The first protocol for assessing the welfare of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) kept under nomadic pastoralism","volume":"11","author":"Padalino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14152172","article-title":"Introducing the mellorater\u2014the five domains model in a welfare monitoring app for animal guardians","volume":"14","author":"Wilkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-8934.2024.00051.6","article-title":"Camel-assisted services (CAS): treatment, education and support programmes","volume":"31","author":"Pastrana","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Camel Pract Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02978-8","article-title":"New animal-based measures to assess welfare in dromedary camels","volume":"53","author":"Menchetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020494","article-title":"Application of a Protocol to Assess Camel Welfare: Scoring System of Collected Measures, Aggregated Assessment Indices, and Criteria to Classify a Pen","volume":"11","author":"Menchetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732337","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1732337","article-title":"The impact of parasitic diseases on dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) welfare: a comprehensive review","volume":"12","author":"Nawaz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(85)90049-1","article-title":"Infectious diseases of the camel: viruses, bacteria and fungi","volume":"141","author":"McGrane","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br Vet J."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79389-0","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of Dromedary Camels: A Concise Guide","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2021"},{"key":"B21","article-title":"Review of infectious diseases of the camel","author":"Abbas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veterinary Bulletin"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.915475","article-title":"Camel viral diseases: current diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies","author":"Kandeel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7030103","article-title":"Zoonotic pathogens of dromedary camels in Kenya: a systematised review","volume":"7","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01413-7","article-title":"A review of zoonotic pathogens of dromedary camels","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecohealth."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/ovs-2022-0113","article-title":"Brucella transmission from domestic and wild animals to dromedary camel: diagnostic methods and zoonotic threats \u2013 a review","volume":"3","author":"Adel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Vet Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615461","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1615461","article-title":"Serological field investigations revealing natural exposure of one-humped dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) to foot-and-mouth disease virus in India","volume":"15","author":"Rout","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5550074","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/5550074","article-title":"Ectoparasites of camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Afar pastoral areas of Ethiopia","volume":"2025","author":"Desta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Med Int."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.18.071","article-title":"Health risk assessment at mass gatherings: a report of the camel festival in Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Bieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04360-4","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors related to the mastitis in camels (Oued Souf, Algeria)","author":"Djeddi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030317","article-title":"The impact of the animal housing system on immune cell composition and function in the blood of dromedary camels","volume":"12","author":"Hussen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.02.012","article-title":"Epidemiology of brucellosis, Q fever and rift valley fever at the human and livestock interface in northern c\u00f4te d'Ivoire","volume":"165","author":"Kanout\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100340","article-title":"Risk factors for rift valley fever virus seropositivity in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) and pastoralist knowledge and practices in Northern Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Adamu","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3722054","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/3722054","article-title":"Camel brucellosis: seroprevalence, associated risk factor, and public health perceptions in Arero district of Borena Zone, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"2025","author":"Edema","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Med Int."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2023.107328","article-title":"Clinical and subclinical endometritis in dromedary camels: An overview of definition and clinical presentation, etiopathogenesis, diagnostic biomarkers, and treatment protocols","volume":"257","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12401","article-title":"Dromedary camels and the transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)","volume":"64","author":"Hemida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2709.203508","article-title":"Risk factors for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection among camel populations, Southern Jordan, 2014\u20132018","volume":"27","author":"Holloway","year":"2021","journal-title":"CDC Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881800345X","article-title":"Global status of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review","volume":"147","author":"Sikkema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12817-x","article-title":"Prevalence and animal level risk factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels","volume":"12","author":"Selim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040727","article-title":"Viral and bacterial zoonotic agents in dromedary camels from Southern Tunisia: a seroprevalence study","volume":"10","author":"Eckstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"B40","first-page":"59","article-title":"Elaheh M","volume":"1","author":"Mahsa","year":"2022"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071035","article-title":"Seroprevalence and molecular identification of brucella spp in camels in Egypt Microorganisms","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2020"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.51585\/gjvr.2025.2.0130","article-title":"Seroprevalence and molecular investigation of camel brucellosis in Egypt with emphasis on potential risk factors","volume":"5","author":"Hussein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ger J Vet Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.54536\/ajaas.v3i1.2668","article-title":"Sero epidemiology of camel brucellosis and its public health significances at three selected districts in erer zone, Somali region","volume":"3","author":"Mohomed","year":"2024","journal-title":"AJAAS."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2706.204902","article-title":"Brucellosis outbreak traced to commercially sold camel milk through whole-genome sequencing","volume":"27","author":"Bardenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2024.102257","article-title":"Sero-prevalence, associated risk factors and economic impact of camel brucellosis in Elwayye district, southern Ethiopia","volume":"114","author":"Wario","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55737-2","article-title":"Camel milk is a neglected source of brucellosis among rural Arab communities","volume":"16","author":"Holloway","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02665-0","article-title":"Tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium caprae in a camel (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"16","author":"Infantes-Lorenzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15862","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015862","article-title":"Pathology of camel tuberculosis and molecular characterization of its causative agents in pastoral regions of Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Mamo","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.34104\/ijavs.023.01160129","article-title":"Review on the epidemiology and public health importance of camel tuberculosis","year":"2023","journal-title":"JFAV."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0905-5","article-title":"Pathology and diagnosis of mycobacterium bovis in naturally infected dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in India","volume":"47","author":"Narnaware","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.01.012","article-title":"Tuberculosis outbreak in a dromedary racing herd and rapid serological detection of infected camels","volume":"122","author":"Wernery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1180-1187","article-title":"Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the delta region, Egypt","volume":"12","author":"Elnaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet World."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050780","article-title":"Effect of research impact on emerging camel husbandry, welfare and social-related awareness","volume":"10","author":"Pastrana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"1395","article-title":"Caseous lymphadenitis (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis)","author":"Hussein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Dromedary Camels: A Concise Guide"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0252893","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252893","article-title":"Pathology, bacteriology and molecular studies on caseous lymphadenitis in camelus dromedarius in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2015\u20132020","volume":"16","author":"Terab","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7814927","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7814927","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the kidneys in healthy and diseased camels (camelus dromedarius)","volume":"2020","author":"Tharwat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Med Int."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i3.20","article-title":"Renal abscessation in dromedary camels: clinical, ultrasonographic, hematobiochemical, and etiological investigations","volume":"15","author":"Tharwat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Vet J."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.7023","article-title":"An outbreak of dermatophilosis and caseous lymphadenitis mixed infection in camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Jordan","volume":"10","author":"Tarazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398118","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1398118","article-title":"Determination of prevalence of subclinical mastitis, characterization of intra-mammary infection-causing bacteria, and antibiotic susceptibility in dairy camels in Jigjiga City, Somali region, Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Jama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B60","first-page":"50","article-title":"Review on subclinical mastitis in dairy camels","volume":"9","author":"Djeddi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Appl Vet Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061530","article-title":"Prevalence of mastitis and antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from CMT positive milk samples obtained from dairy cows, camels, and goats in two pastoral districts in Southern Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Balemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5522331","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5522331","article-title":"Prevalence, isolation, identification, and risk factors of major bacterial cause of camel subclinical mastitis","volume":"2021","author":"Alebie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6641361","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6641361","article-title":"Reproductive diseases and disorders of female camels: an assessment and pathological and bacteriological study in Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"2021","author":"Belina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Med Int."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.008","article-title":"Infectious causes of reproductive loss in camelids","volume":"66","author":"Tibary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2147\/VMRR.S348127","article-title":"Pathological and bacteriological assessment of reproductive organ disorders in she camels in Somali, Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Chekole","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02822-z","article-title":"Comparative study on lesions of reproductive disorders of cows and female dromedary camels slaughtered at Addis Ababa, Adama and Akaki abattoirs with bacterial isolation and characterization","author":"Getahun","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v9i3.12","article-title":"Salmonella enterica and theileria co-infection in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in UAE","volume":"9","author":"Abdelwahab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Vet J."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13737","article-title":"Characterization of salmonella frintrop isolated from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius)","volume":"68","author":"Sevilla-Navarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47278\/journal.ijvs\/2021.088","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiogram of salmonella enterica isolated from raw dromedary camel milk in Matrouh Governorate, Egypt","author":"Saeed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12611","article-title":"Infection, colonization and shedding of campylobacter and salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: a review","volume":"66","author":"Rukambile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01179-3","article-title":"Combatting anthrax outbreaks across Nigeria's national land borders: need to optimize surveillance with epidemiological surveys","volume":"13","author":"Mogaji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23481","article-title":"Animal, human, and environmental perspectives on anthrax in Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Islam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0435-4","article-title":"The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock and wildlife","volume":"4","author":"Carlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79389-0_28","article-title":"Pasteurellosis (Hemorrhagic Septicemia)","author":"Hussein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Dromedary Camels: A Concise Guide"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1189-y","article-title":"Molecular study on pasteurella multocida and mannheimia granulomatis from Kenyan camels (camelus dromedarius)","author":"Gluecks","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.30704\/http-www-jivs-net.1199746","article-title":"Prevalence of hemorrhagic septicemia in dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) of some selected farms at Benadir region, Somalia","volume":"7","author":"Barre","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Istanbul vet sci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27859","article-title":"Molecular identification of different toxinogenic strains of Clostridium perfringens and histo-pathological observations of camels died of per-acute entero-toxaemia","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9188","article-title":"Predisposing factors in enterotoxemias of camels (Camelus dromedarius) caused by clostridium perfringens type A","author":"Wernery","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.19080\/JDVS.2018.08.555733","article-title":"Application of health welfare standards in calemus dromedarius breeding in algeria: facts and practical difficulties","volume":"8","author":"Adel","year":"2018","journal-title":"JDVS."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02728-w","article-title":"Vaccination against pathogenic clostridia in animals: a review","volume":"53","author":"Abdolmohammadi Khiav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79389-0_18","article-title":"Coxiellosis (Q-Fever) (Coxiella burnetii Infection)","author":"Hussein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Dromedary Camels: A Concise Guide"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13019","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of Q fever in camels: risk factors for infection, the role of small ruminants and public health implications for desert-dwelling pastoral communities","volume":"70","author":"Holloway","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13127","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii serostatus in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) is associated with the presence of C burnetii DNA in attached ticks in Laikipia County, Kenya","volume":"71","author":"Rooney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558481","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.558481","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius): a possible threat for humans and livestock in North Africa and the near and Middle East?","volume":"7","author":"Devaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B85","article-title":"Clinical, ultrasonographic, and pathologic findings in 70 camels (camelus dromedarius) with Johne's disease","author":"Tharwat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can Vet J."},{"key":"B86","article-title":"Ultrasonographic & postmortem findings in camels (camelus dromedarius) with abdominal disorders","author":"Tharwat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Camel Pract Res."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2020.1788035","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the abdomen in healthy and diseased camels (camelus dromedaries)\u2013a review","author":"Tharwat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1435395","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of ultrasonography for thoracic and abdominal bacterial and parasitic diseases in ruminants: a comprehensive overview","author":"Tharwat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.2","article-title":"Clinical insights on paratuberculosis in Arabian camels (camelus dromedarius): a review","author":"Tharwat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Vet J."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100561","article-title":"Global patterns of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) prevalence and seroprevalence in camels: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.130","article-title":"Systematic, active surveillance for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in camels in Egypt","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12171","article-title":"Human\u2013dromedary camel interactions and the risk of acquiring zoonotic middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection","volume":"63","author":"Gossner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.4206\/ajvs.553.03","article-title":"Clinicopathological investigations among recurrent camelpox outbreaks in Omanis' arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"55","author":"Alkharusi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Austral J Vet Sci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.02.014","article-title":"Camelpox: a brief review on its epidemiology, current status and challenges","volume":"158","author":"Dahiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101940","article-title":"Outbreak of a systemic form of camelpox in a dromedary herd (camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"13","author":"Joseph","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0329-x","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of pox and pox-like diseases in dromedary Camels","volume":"12","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol J."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13471","DOI":"10.3389\/past.2024.13471","article-title":"Seroprevalence of camelpox and its associated risk factors in selected districts of Jarar zone, Somali Region, Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Arog","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pastoralism."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105462","article-title":"First serological evidence of the rift valley fever phlebovirus in Tunisian camels","volume":"207","author":"Selmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2023.102035","article-title":"Serological evidence of rift valley fever viral infection among camels imported into Southern Algeria","volume":"100","author":"Trabelsi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8249077","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8249077","article-title":"Seroprevalence and co-circulation of rift valley fever virus and west Nile fever virus in livestock population of Afar region, Northeast Ethiopia","volume":"2024","author":"Megenas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Med Int."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79389-0_7","article-title":"Rift valley fever","volume":"7","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2021"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2021-0009","article-title":"Rift valley fever - a growing threat to humans and animals","volume":"65","author":"Kwa\u015bnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Res."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100583","article-title":"Rift valley fever in West Africa: a zoonotic disease with multiple socio-economic consequences","volume":"17","author":"Tinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79389-0_5","article-title":"Rabies","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Dromedary Camels: A Concise Guide"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29042","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29042","article-title":"Neuroimmunology of rabies: new insights into an ancient disease","volume":"95","author":"Bastos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02239-0","article-title":"Molecular characterization and diagnostic investigations of rabies encephalitis in camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Oman: a retrospective study","volume":"52","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2017.1343516","article-title":"Rabies \u2013 epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Q."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79389-0_3","article-title":"Camel Contagious Ecthyma","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Dromedary Camels: A Concise Guide"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02240398","article-title":"An outbreak of contagious ecthyma in camels (camelus dromedarius) in eastern Sudan","volume":"26","author":"Khalafalla","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.13.3.808","article-title":"Outbreaks of contagious ecthyma in camels (camelus dromedarius) in the Turkana district of Kenya","volume":"13","author":"Gitao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03595","article-title":"Field investigation and phylogenetic characterization of orf virus (ORFV) circulating in small ruminants and Pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) in dromedary camels of eastern Sudan","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-022-00923-9","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of camel contagious ecthyma in Arero district, Ethiopia","volume":"46","author":"Diba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull Natl Res Cent."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v26i2.4","article-title":"Epidemiology of camel contagious ecthyma and molecular detection of the pathogen in Arero district, Ethiopia","volume":"26","author":"Diba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethiop Vet J."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2023.105448","article-title":"Host range, severity and trans boundary transmission of Orf virus (ORFV)","volume":"112","author":"Abu Ghazaleh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.08.002","article-title":"An outbreak of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in camels in the Sudan","volume":"116","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1078-6","article-title":"The first report of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Iran","volume":"48","author":"Zakian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4028720","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4028720","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in dromedary camels and small ruminants in Mandera and Wajir Counties of Kenya","volume":"2019","author":"Omani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Virol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.07.004","article-title":"Experimental infection of dromedary camels with virulent virus of Peste des Petits Ruminants","volume":"235","author":"Fakri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.14947","article-title":"A study on transmission of Peste des petits ruminants virus between dromedary camels and small ruminants","volume":"16","author":"Saeed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915475","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.915475","article-title":"Camel viral diseases: current diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies","volume":"9","author":"Kandeel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.1331-1337","article-title":"Epidemiological surveillance of bovine viral diarrhea and rift valley fever infections in camel","volume":"11","author":"Bahgy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet World."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-017-1469-3","article-title":"Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in Algerian dromedary camels (Camelus dromaderius)","volume":"50","author":"Saidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2147\/VMRR.S305198","article-title":"Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in local borana cattle breed and camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Med."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.1924-1931","article-title":"Risk-associated factors associated with the bovine viral diarrhea virus in dromedary camels, sheep, and goats in abattoir surveillance and semi-closed herd system","volume":"15","author":"Al-Mubarak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet World."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.32598\/IJVM.17.2.1005239","article-title":"Serological detection of SRMV, BVDV, BHV-1and BEFV in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Southwest Iran","volume":"17","author":"Rasooli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran J Vet Med."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04414-7","article-title":"Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea in Camelus dromedarius from Tunisia","volume":"57","author":"Selmi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3188539","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/3188539","article-title":"Serosurvey and associated risk factors for bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in dromedary camels in Egypt","volume":"2024","author":"Selim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2022.04.011","article-title":"Research advances on interferon (IFN) response during BVDV infection","volume":"149","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15816","volume":"34","author":"Walz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.07.024","article-title":"Bovine viral diarrhoea: Pathogenesis and diagnosis","volume":"199","author":"Lanyon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.101352","article-title":"Acute phase proteins, proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress biomarkers in sheep, goats and she-camels with coxiella burnetii infection-induced abortion","volume":"67","author":"El-Deeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570564","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1570564","article-title":"Serum cortisol level as marker of stress in camels: relationship with immunological profile","volume":"12","author":"Hussen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.035","article-title":"Oxidative stress in blood of camels (camelus dromedaries) naturally infected with trypanosoma evansi","volume":"162","author":"Saleh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.21608\/jcvr.2020.90229","article-title":"Gadallah shabaan, Kamr A, Arbaga A. Acute phase proteins, trace elements and cytokines expression as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in diseased camel","volume":"2","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Curr Vet Res."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.9755\/ejfa.2021.v33.i4.2688","article-title":"Dromedary camel health care practices reported by caretakers working at a permanent market","volume":"33","author":"Padalino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emir J Food Agric."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442628","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1442628","article-title":"Welfare assessment of dromedary camels kept under pastoralism in Pakistan","volume":"11","author":"Padalino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.54536\/ajaas.v4i1.5107","article-title":"Welfare status of transport camels in and around jigjiga town, somali regional state, Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Hussein","year":"2025","journal-title":"AJAAS."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0280830","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280830","article-title":"Measurement properties of pain scoring instruments in farm animals: a systematic review using the COSMIN checklist","volume":"18","author":"Tomacheuski","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92281","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092281","article-title":"Development of the horse grimace scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration","volume":"9","author":"Dalla Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546719","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1546719","article-title":"How facial expressions reveal acute pain in domestic animals with facial pain scales as a diagnostic tool","volume":"12","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101726","article-title":"Grimace scores: tools to support the identification of pain in mammals used in research","volume":"10","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0251435","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251435","article-title":"Measurement properties of pain scoring instruments in farm animals: a systematic review protocol using the COSMIN checklist","volume":"16","author":"Tomacheuski","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B143","first-page":"1","article-title":"Economic impact of trypanosomosis on camels (camelus dromedarius) in North-West, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Dakul","year":"2024","journal-title":"AJAFS."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04723-x","article-title":"Camel pastoralists' perceptions of udder health: results from a qualitative interview study in Northern Kenya","author":"Seligsohn","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022146","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1022146","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices on camel respiratory diseases and conditions in Garissa and Isiolo, Kenya","volume":"9","author":"Othieno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244833","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1244833","article-title":"Zoonotic diseases transmitted from the camels","volume":"10","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11080344","article-title":"A one health perspective on camel meat hygiene and zoonoses: insights from a decade of research in the middle east","volume":"11","author":"Mohamed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Sci."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.239","article-title":"Zoonotic implications of camel diseases in Iran","volume":"6","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8588","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12619-1","article-title":"A generalizable one health framework for the control of zoonotic diseases","volume":"12","author":"Ghai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-015-0040-4","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary of sahrawi pastoralists of Western Sahara: camel diseases and remedies","volume":"11","author":"Volpato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2019.1673070","article-title":"One welfare: a framework to improve animal welfare and human well-being","volume":"32","author":"Pregowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anthrozoos."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010043","article-title":"Human relationships with domestic and other animals: one health, one welfare, one biology","volume":"10","author":"Tarazona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.07.011","article-title":"Biosecurity and biocontainment in alpaca operations","volume":"61","author":"Barrington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.02.006","article-title":"Camelid herd health","volume":"25","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12060685","article-title":"Field trials of live and inactivated camelpox vaccines in Kazakhstan","volume":"12","author":"Mambetaliyev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030212","article-title":"Efficacy of an adjuvanted middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein vaccine in dromedary camels and alpacas","volume":"11","author":"Adney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631876","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.631876","article-title":"The first protocol for assessing welfare of camels","volume":"7","author":"Padalino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100334","article-title":"Integrated community based human and animal syndromic surveillance in Adadle district of the Somali region of Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Osman","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276275","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1276275","article-title":"Brucellosis in camel, small ruminants, and Somali pastoralists in Eastern Ethiopia: a one health approach","volume":"11","author":"Ahad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2019.100090","article-title":"Qatar experience on one Health approach for middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2012\u20132017: a viewpoint","volume":"7","author":"Farag","year":"2019","journal-title":"One Health."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2019.100102","article-title":"Some one health based control strategies for the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"8","author":"Hemida","year":"2019","journal-title":"One Health."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1795334\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:53:38Z","timestamp":1780030418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1795334\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":161,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1795334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1795334","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"article-number":"1795334"}}