{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:15:03Z","timestamp":1783574103655,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although creatine has a recognized role during gestation, there is still little information about multiple pregnancies. Especially in small ruminants, these pregnancies increase nutritional needs and the incidence of pre- and postpartum metabolic or reproductive pathologies. Thus, the main objective of this study was to address this gap by providing information on the impact of dietary supplementation with the creatine precursor guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) on the maternal\u2013fetal response during late gestation in twin-bearing ewes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 15 twin-bearing ewes were allocated to a baseline total mixed ration (TMR) diet group (BSTMR,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f8) or a group whose TMR was supplemented daily with 0.9\u202fg\/kg of a diabetes mellitus (DM) diet of guanidinoacetic acid TMR (GATMR,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f7) from 100\u202fdays of gestation until lambing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The GATMR ewes adapted their diet selectivity and exhibited a smaller reduction in loin and kidney fat thickness. GAA supply increased peripheral levels of albumin, globulin, glucose, and cholesterol. In the GATMR group, a reduced development of the uterine artery, umbilical vascular system, caruncle thickness, and fetal heart rate was observed. Cotyledonary capillary structure in GATMR showed slower growth and sub-expression of\n                      <jats:italic>FGF2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>FLT1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , whereas the antiangiogenic factor\n                      <jats:italic>ODC1<\/jats:italic>\n                      had a higher expression. The GATMR group also exhibited lower expression of the creatine regulator GAMT and a higher expression of the creatine kinase\n                      <jats:italic>CKM<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thus, the evidence indicates that GAA is effective in twin pregnancies even when provided in a rumen-unprotected form. The results also highlight the need for further studies to better modulate the dosage, adapting it to the demands of pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1795381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:19:20Z","timestamp":1783570760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Creatine-precursor exposure in ewe twin pregnancy directs metabolic effort and reworks the maternal\u2013fetal vascular system, involving genetic markers that modulate the creatine pathway"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bruna Vit\u00f3ria","family":"de Freitas Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Muniz","family":"Cavalcanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo Jos\u00e9 Herrera","family":"Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Fernandes Baia","family":"Cesar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"da Costa Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhennyfe Nobre","family":"de Sena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohana Huicho","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Felipe","family":"da Silva Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louhanna Pinheiro Rodrigues","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Biology Center, University of Fortaleza","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy Vanessa Sulca","family":"\u00d1aupas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Fl\u00e1via Bezerra","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula Ribeiro","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar Carneiro Linhares","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Health Science, University of Fortaleza","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Paula Martins","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e1rcio \u00cdtalo Alves","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Rondina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Cear\u00e1 State University (UECE)","place":["Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, 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