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Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to identify behavioral changes in three blue-fronted Amazon parrots (\n                      <jats:italic>Amazona aestiva<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) subjected to experimental induction of osteoarthritis and subsequent tramadol rescue analgesia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All parrots received injections of 0.1 mL of 8% monosodium urate monohydrate (MUM) solution into the left intertarsal joint. Behaviors were recorded during all study phases (1: baseline; 2: post-induction of osteoarthritis; 3: post-induction of osteoarthritis with tramadol 1; 4: post-induction of osteoarthritis with tramadol 2) using focal sampling with instantaneous recordings every 30 s during 20-min sessions. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observed changes in behavioral patterns, including decreased locomotion, and exploration, increased stopped and inactive behavior, and reduced cage use (fewer areas used during acute pain), followed by partial recovery after tramadol administration, were consistent with the manifestation of unilateral arthritic pain and its possible attenuation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The species-specific ethogram for arthritic pain developed in this study may contribute to future antialgic evaluations with tramadol and other drugs, supporting the future development of a pain assessment scale for blue-fronted Amazon parrots.<\/jats:p>\n                  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