{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:50:46Z","timestamp":1792511446424,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many factors may negatively affect dairy cattle productivity, among which imprecise estrus detection is a major contributor to low reproductive efficiency. Given that artificial insemination is widely used in the dairy industry, accurate estrus detection is of great importance. Estrus synchronization using hormonal treatments is a common approach to regulate the estrous cycle and to improve the efficiency of estrus detection. Estrus detection using artificial intelligence-aided data analyses is a new development. Biomarker-based chemical sensors and activity based wearable and implantable sensors are also available for monitoring. Behavioral datasets have been used in machine learning and other approaches; however, such datasets must be validated for their applicability in detecting estrus before being utilized by dairy farmers. The cumulative knowledge of estrus detection approaches, their merits, demerits, applicability, and cost-effectiveness is highly warranted. Therefore, here, we provide an update on the recent approaches and technologies used for estrus detection, particularly in dairy cattle, and discuss emerging experimental technologies with potential for future applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1807199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T16:33:16Z","timestamp":1779899596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Estrus detection in dairy cattle: an updated review on strategies and technologies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Devaraj","family":"Sankarganesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology","place":["Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parcha Durga Sai Sita Yesaswini","family":"Krishna Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology","place":["Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivani","family":"Sujit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology","place":["Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annis Inncia","family":"Gnana Thiraviam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology","place":["Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divakar Justus","family":"Ambrose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfaa036","article-title":"Why is production of animal source foods important for economic development in Africa and Asia?","volume":"10","author":"Baltenweck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Front"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13505","article-title":"Estrous detection intensity and accuracy and optimal timing of insemination with automated activity monitors for dairy cows","volume":"101","author":"LeRoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9451","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.202323268","article-title":"Postpartum health is associated with detection of estrus by activity monitors and reproductive performance in dairy cows","volume":"106","author":"Bruinj\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.07.001","article-title":"Hierarchy of factors affecting behavioural signs used for oestrus detection of Holstein and normande dairy cows in a seasonal calving system","volume":"113","author":"Cutullic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75849-7","article-title":"Estrus detection using radiotelemetry or visual observation and tail painting for dairy cows on pasture","volume":"81","author":"Xu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J DairySci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4141\/CJAS2011-134","article-title":"Dairy cows continuously-housed in tie-stalls failed to manifest activity changes during estrus","volume":"92","author":"Felton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2017.07.019","article-title":"Comparison of visual and computerized estrous detection and evaluation of influencing factors","volume":"184","author":"Gaude","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2018.06.002","article-title":"Characterizing changes in activity and feeding behaviour of lactating dairy cows during behavioural and silent oestrus","volume":"206","author":"Zebari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.06.007","article-title":"Wearable wireless estrus detection sensor for cows","volume":"127","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Electron Agric"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.02.016","article-title":"When is a cow in estrus? 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