{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:14:27Z","timestamp":1778130867491,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidural analgesia is commonly performed in camels via the first intercoccygeal space. However, the use of lumbosacral epidural injection has not been previously described in camels, and articaine hydrochloride (HCl) is rarely used in veterinary practice. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of lumbosacral epidural administration of 4% articaine HCl with epinephrine in camels. An anatomical study was performed on six cadaveric trunks of male camels (age 5\u201310\u202fyears) to identify the depth, dorsal, and ventral width of the lumbosacral space. An anesthetic study was performed on six dromedary camels (three males and three females), aged 7\u201315\u202fyears and weighing 382\u202f\u00b1\u202f152.4\u202fkg. A 0.22\u202fmg\/kg dose of 4% articaine HCl with epinephrine (0.01\u202fmg\/mL) was administered epidurally. Analgesia and degree of ataxia were evaluated using numeric analgesic and ataxia scoring systems. The onset of analgesia and ataxia and the time to unaided standing after recovery were recorded. Cardiorespiratory parameters were also monitored. The spinal cord was located at a depth of 9.72\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.58\u202fcm from the skin. The dorsal length of the lumbosacral space was 9.32\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.62\u202fcm, while the ventral length was 4.33\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.29\u202fcm. Rapid onset of analgesia in the tail was observed at 4.6\u202f\u00b1 0.6\u202fmin. Recumbency began at 8.6\u202f\u00b1 2.7\u202fmin, and camels regained unaided standing after 228\u202f\u00b1 19\u202fmin. Alterations in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were recorded. Lumbosacral epidural administration of 4% articaine HCl with epinephrine in camels provided rapid onset, mild analgesia (median analgesic score 1\u20132) in the tail, perineal, umbilical, and flank regions; moderate analgesia in the inguinal region (median analgesic score 2\u20132.5); and moderately deep analgesia in the hind limbs (median analgesic score 2\u20133). This was accompanied by long-lasting recumbency and minimal clinically relevant cardiorespiratory changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1807758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:54:29Z","timestamp":1778129669000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lumbosacral epidural administration of 4% articaine with epinephrine in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius): anatomical and clinical evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tarik N.","family":"Misk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University","place":["Muscat, Oman"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adel Ibrahim","family":"Almubarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasha Yassin","family":"Elkhidr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelrahman M. A.","family":"Elseory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Razan Mamoun","family":"Naji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayed Fathi","family":"El-Hawari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04706-y","article-title":"Comparative antinociceptive and sedative effects of epidural romifidine and xylazine in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"21","author":"Hamed","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"345","volume-title":"Veterinary Anaesthesia","author":"Clarke","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.58292\/ct.v12.9692","article-title":"Urogenital surgery in camelids","volume":"12","author":"Tibary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Theriogenol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03844-5","article-title":"Camel filariasis (Dipetalonema evansi) and its association with clinical balanoposthitis with reference to prominent changes in clinical findings, serum testosterone, semen analysis, and testicular histopathology","volume":"20","author":"Khalphallah","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.51585\/gjvr.2023.4.0066","article-title":"Evaluation of the antinociceptive effect of lidocaine-tramadol and lidocaine-medetomidine lumbosacral epidural anaesthesia: a cross-over comparative study in goats","volume":"3","author":"Al-Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.5455\/ovj.2025.v15.i4.33","article-title":"Evaluation of anaesthetic, locomotor, and sedative scores for lumbosacral epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in sheep","volume":"15","author":"Al-Haid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.1450-1455","article-title":"Epidural analgesia in cattle, buffalo, and camels","volume":"9","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v85i1.1002","article-title":"Caudal epidural analgesia using lidocaine alone or in combination with ketamine in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"85","author":"Azari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.891581","article-title":"Comparative study of the sedative and anti-nociceptive effects of sacrococcygeal epidural administration of romifidine, lidocaine, and romifidine\/lidocaine in the dromedary camel","volume":"9","author":"Marzok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.09.007","article-title":"Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in small animal practice: an update","volume":"242","author":"Garcia-Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Farm Animal Anaesthesia: Cattle, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Pigs","author":"Rush","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Noordsy's Food Animal Surgery","author":"Niehaus","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2147\/LRA.S16682","article-title":"Articaine: a review of its use for local and regional anaesthesia","volume":"5","author":"Snoeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Local Reg Anesth"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Efficacy of Articaine Hydrochloride for Disbudding in Goat Kids and Velvet Antler Removal in Red Deer, and Novel Disbudding Methods for Goat Kids: A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy","author":"Venkatachalam","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Handbook of Local Anesthesia. 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