{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:49:34Z","timestamp":1775710174698,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Meibomian gland (MG) tumors are common in dogs. Papillomaviruses have been detected in epithelial neoplasms across species, including those arising from the human MG, but their role in the development of canine MG tumors has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether Canine Papillomavirus (CPV) contributes to MG tumorigenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective review of a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) was performed to identify cases of canine MG tumors submitted between 2019 and 2024. DNA was extracted from archival FFPE tissue scrolls, and PCR was performed using validated viral CPV-1 E6 and L1 primers. Clinicopathologic features including patient age and sex, tumor size, tumor laterality and location, presence of chalazion, mitotic count, and extent of surgical excision were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LIMS review yielded 106 cases of canine MG tumors, and 102 were histologically confirmed to be MG adenomas or epitheliomas. PCR was performed on 99 samples, and no viral amplicons were detected in any MG tumor. Dogs with adenomas were younger than those with epitheliomas. There were no differences in sex or alteration status between tumor groups, and Labrador retrievers and Poodles were overrepresented. There were no differences between tumor types in terms of laterality or upper vs. lower eyelid. Adenomas were smaller and had lower mitotic counts compared to epitheliomas. The presence of chalazion or completeness of the surgical excision was not different between tumor subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While we confirm consistent morphologic and phenotypic differences between canine MG adenomas and epitheliomas, these results suggest that, unlike their human counterparts, neither tumor subtype is virally mediated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1812954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:11:32Z","timestamp":1775707892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Papillomavirus is not detected in benign neoplasms of the canine Meibomian gland despite evidence of HPV-mediated tumorigenesis in the human Meibomian gland"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Rushtlion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University","place":["North Grafton, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Boyack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University","place":["North Grafton, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Autumn","family":"Berlied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University","place":["North Grafton, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University","place":["North Grafton, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Tufts Center for Vision Research","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1986.189.10.1355","article-title":"Prevalence and treatment of palpebral neoplasms in the dog: 200 cases (1975-1983)","volume":"189","author":"Roberts","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119501237.ch138","volume-title":"Clinical Small Animal Internal Medicine","author":"Scott","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2022.11.002","article-title":"Blepharitis and neoplasms of the canine eyelid margin and skin","volume":"53","author":"Grahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Clin Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858221143400","article-title":"Upregulated MYC expression and p53 mutations may contribute to the oncogenesis of canine Meibomian gland carcinomas","volume":"60","author":"Peterson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-2797-0.00007-2","volume-title":"Veterinary Ocular Pathology","author":"Dubielzig","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1688","article-title":"Distinct biological types of ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma: HPV-driven and virus-negative tumors Arise through nonoverlapping molecular-genetic alterations","volume":"25","author":"Tetzlaff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13987","article-title":"High-risk human papillomavirus and ZEB1 in ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma","volume":"48","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2021.4008","article-title":"Sebaceous neoplasms: prevalence of HPV infection and relation to immunohistochemical surrogate markers","volume":"31","author":"Saliba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7249","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137249","article-title":"Detection of human papillomavirus in squamous lesions of the conjunctiva using RNA and DNA in-situ hybridization","volume":"23","author":"Peterson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864820","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.864820","article-title":"Molecular detection methods in HPV-related cancers","volume":"12","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29409","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29409","article-title":"Advanced technologies towards improved HPV diagnostics","volume":"96","author":"Bartosik","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.05.007","article-title":"Animal papillomaviruses","volume":"445","author":"Rector","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2017.1313146","article-title":"Multiple viral plaques with sebaceous differentiation associated with an unclassified papillomavirus type in a cat","volume":"65","author":"Munday","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2022.2157347","article-title":"Cutaneous plaques associated with a putative novel papillomavirus type in a horse","volume":"71","author":"Munday","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gore.2023.101298","article-title":"HPV-associated vulvar carcinoma with sebaceous differentiation","volume":"50","author":"Kuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol Rep"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02753-3","article-title":"Canine papillomavirus: status of diagnostic methods and vaccine innovations","volume":"22","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020170","article-title":"The detection and Association of Canine Papillomavirus with benign and malignant skin lesions in dogs","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.46-1-34","article-title":"Detection of canine oral papillomavirus DNA in conjunctival epithelial hyperplastic lesions of three dogs","volume":"46","author":"Brandes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1971-0","article-title":"Papillomavirus DNA not detected in canine lobular orbital adenoma and normal conjunctival tissue","volume":"15","author":"Schaefer","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2022.105897","article-title":"Papillomaviral skin diseases of humans, dogs, cats and horses: a comparative review. Part 1: papillomavirus biology and hyperplastic lesions","volume":"288","author":"Munday","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2022.105898","article-title":"Papillomaviral skin diseases of humans, dogs, cats and horses \u2013 a comparative review. Part 2: pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases","volume":"288","author":"Munday","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.01062.x","article-title":"Malignant transformation of a putative eyelid papilloma to squamous cell carcinoma in a dog","volume":"16","author":"Wiggans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.03.033","article-title":"Classification of papillomaviruses","volume":"324","author":"de Villiers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-019-0350-5","article-title":"Human papillomavirus type 16 causes a defined subset of conjunctival in situ squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"33","author":"Griffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-1243","article-title":"History of allergy and atopic dermatitis in relation to squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma of the skin","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2165\/11593280-000000000-00000","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis and risk of skin cancer: a Danish nationwide cohort study (1977-2006)","volume":"13","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09887.x","article-title":"Incidence of cancer in the general population and in patients with or without atopic dermatitis in the U.K","volume":"163","author":"Arana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814556185","article-title":"Squamous Papillomas of the conjunctiva in dogs: a condition not associated with papillomavirus infection","volume":"52","author":"Beckwith-Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000344","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2019-000344","article-title":"The investigation of histopathology and locations of excised eyelid masses in dogs","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Rec Open"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1812954\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:11:35Z","timestamp":1775707895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1812954\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1812954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1812954","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"article-number":"1812954"}}