{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T09:59:47Z","timestamp":1794045587880,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Capacitation is the process by which sperm undergoes physical, biochemical, and molecular changes to acquire the ability to fertilize an oocyte. The first stage occurs after ejaculation with the removal of cholesterol from the cell membrane, reorganization of the cell membrane, and permission of ion entry into the cell. Intracellular alkalization leads to signaling, resulting in the basic capacitation cascade (sAC-cAMP-PKA-PTP). Consequently, the process of hyperactivation and preparation for the acrosome reaction is completed. Significant interspecies differences are observed in farm animals, and identifying these differences will make important contributions to the development of reproductive technologies. Bull sperm is mostly dependent on heparin-like glycosaminoglycans; however, in ram, seminal plasma proteins are shown to play important roles during capacitation. In goat, the rapid and stress-sensitive capacitation mechanism and the tight zinc-dependent\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    control of boar sperm are important. Furthermore, early and premature capacitation caused by cryopreservation is called cryocapacitation and directly affects fertilization success. Species-specific capacitation mechanisms have been investigated; however, understanding differences will be beneficial using\n                    <jats:italic>omics<\/jats:italic>\n                    approaches in fertilization prediction and in developing cryopreservation strategies. Moreover, this review compares the molecular mechanisms of sperm capacitation in bulls, rams, bucks, and boars. It highlights species-specific differences and their impact on reproductive technologies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1814057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:41:03Z","timestamp":1776055263000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sperm capacitation in bulls, rams, bucks, and boars: molecular mechanisms and species-specific differences"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abdulkadir","family":"Kaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, K\u0131r\u0131kkale University","place":["K\u0131r\u0131kkale, T\u00fcrkiye"]},{"name":"College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, Prairie View University","place":["Prairie View, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raheem","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, Prairie View University","place":["Prairie View, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Bodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University","place":["Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Hitit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, Prairie View University","place":["Prairie View, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erdogan","family":"Memili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, Prairie View University","place":["Prairie View, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.09.016","article-title":"Bicarbonate-induced membrane processing in sperm capacitation","volume":"63","author":"Harrison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2018.00072","article-title":"Molecular basis of human sperm capacitation","volume":"6","author":"Puga Molina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2010.512377","article-title":"Factors regulating sperm capacitation","volume":"56","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Syst Biol Reprod 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