{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T05:05:15Z","timestamp":1784005515328,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n This study evaluated tolerance and immune response in 30 chickens following intravenous (\n IV<\/jats:italic>\n ) administration of filtered, raw honey.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n In the acute trial, 10 birds (one male and one female per dose) received a single\n IV<\/jats:italic>\n infusion of honey at 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0\u202fmL\/kg and were monitored for 7\u202fdays. In the sub-acute trial, 20 birds received three\n IV<\/jats:italic>\n infusions at 0.0, 1.0, or 3.0\u202fmL\/kg at 48-h intervals over 5\u202fdays, with at least six birds per treatment group, and were monitored for 22\u202fdays. At the end of each trial, birds were bled, euthanized, necropsied, and tissues (gonads, heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen and vein) were collected for histopathology.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n No adverse clinical signs, significant gross lesions, or histopathological changes attributable to treatment were observed. No differences were found in plasma chemistry, peripheral blood cytology, leukocyte immunophenotypes, or cytokine levels between honey-treated birds and controls in the sub-acute trial.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Chickens tolerated acute\n IV<\/jats:italic>\n doses up to 4\u202fmL\/kg and multiple sub-acute infusions up to 3\u202fmL\/kg of raw, filtered honey without overt adverse systemic effects under the study conditions.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n Apitherapy using honeybee products is an emerging alternative treatment. However, safety and efficacy data, particularly for intravenous administration in avian species, remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1832182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T04:22:23Z","timestamp":1784002943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tolerance of chickens to acute and sub-acute intravenous administration of raw filtered honey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Madison","family":"Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Athens, GA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Athens, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Athens, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Athens, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Grogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Athens, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frane","family":"Banovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Athens, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Robert M.","family":"Gogal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Athens, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Medicinal properties of honey: a review","volume-title":"International Journal of Pure Applied Bioscience","author":"Khan","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b15608","volume-title":"Honey in Traditional and Modern Medicine","author":"Boukra\u00e2","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2022.100239","article-title":"An 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