{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T22:09:15Z","timestamp":1791756555623,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":267,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral Research Project of Chuxiong Normal University","award":["BSOD2518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BSOD2518"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32260828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260828"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32360826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32360826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Chickens are a vital dietary protein source globally, yet their immune function is increasingly compromised by interconnected challenges including breed specific genetic heterogeneity, viral infections, intestinal microbial dysbiosis, and environmental stressors\u2014all of which hinder sustainable poultry production. The chicken immune system, anchored by central immune organs (bursa of Fabricius, thymus) and peripheral immune organs (spleen, lymph nodes), relies on the coordinated interplay of innate and adaptive immunity to fend off exogenous pathogens. However, the holistic regulatory networks linking genetic background, pathogenic pressure, microbial communities, and environmental cues in shaping chicken immunity remain incompletely resolved. Immune related gene polymorphisms (e.g., MHC-B, TLR4) underpin interbreed differences in immune response magnitude and specificity, while viral pathogens such as Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) disrupt T\/B lymphocyte dynamics, alter the expression of immune regulatory microRNAs (miR-155, miR-21) and pro\u2212\/anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IFN-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and thereby perturb immune homeostasis. The intestinal microbiota, a key mediator of immune function, interacts with intestinal epithelial cells via metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids, bile acids) or modulates the gut immune microenvironment through microbial transplantation, yet the specific targets of core functional taxa and their metabolites in chicken intestinal immunity along with comparative divergences from mammalian systems remain poorly defined. Environmental stressors, particularly heat stress, perturb amino acid metabolism, induce reactive oxygen species accumulation, and disrupt immune cell homeostasis, with synergistic immunosuppressive effects when combined with high density farming and nutritional deficiency. This review synthesizes chicken immune regulation by integrating genetic variation, viral pathogens, intestinal microbiota, and environmental stressors, and defines key regulatory pathways from a host-microbe-environment perspective.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1837977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:00:25Z","timestamp":1780466425000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multidimensional regulatory mechanisms of chicken immunity: focus on viral infection, intestinal microbiota and heat stress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology, Chuxiong Normal University","place":["Chuxiong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhui","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changrong","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjing","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology, Chuxiong Normal University","place":["Chuxiong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zonghui","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengfei","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiannian","family":"Zi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-2556-6_1","volume-title":"Informatics in Poultry Production: A Technical Guidebook for Egg and Poultry Education, Research and 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