{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:31:53Z","timestamp":1786422713517,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Spermine has been shown to promote intestinal maturation and protect intestinal health. However, its potential as a dietary feed additive for improving intestinal health in Wuzhishan piglets remains unclear. In this study, eighteen weaned Wuzhishan piglets were randomly assigned to three groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f6 per group) and provided with either a basal diet (control), a diet supplemented with 0.01% spermine, or a diet supplemented with 0.03% spermine for 28\u202fdays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dietary supplementation with 0.01% spermine significantly improved growth performance (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05) and increased small intestinal\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      -amylase and trypsin activities (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). It also significantly upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokines and downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines in small intestine (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Compared with the control group, the relative abundance of the beneficial gut bacterium Prevotella was significantly increased in the 0.01% spermine group, while that of the harmful bacterium Streptococcus was significantly decreased in both the 0.01 and 0.03% spermine groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Additionally, DNA synthesis-related metabolic capacity and immune-related metabolite levels were significantly elevated in both the 0.01 and 0.03% spermine groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with 0.01% spermine can effectively alleviate weaning-induced intestinal dysfunction in Wuzhishan piglets by improving intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, and immune responses, modulating the relative abundance of specific gut bacteria, and enhancing metabolic capacity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1846859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:20:01Z","timestamp":1786422001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preliminary study on the effects of different dietary spermine levels on intestinal function, microflora, and metabolism in weaned Wuzhishan piglets"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haojie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"College of Ocean and Fisheries, Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengjun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiping","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Haikou, Hainan, 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