{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T04:49:27Z","timestamp":1782103767314,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    remains an important pathogen causing bovine mastitis, with measurable impacts on herd productivity and milk quality. Veterinary macrolides retain antibacterial activity against a substantial proportion of\n                    <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, as evidenced by\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    susceptibility data across multiple geographic regions, although resistance determinants such as\n                    <jats:italic>erm(B)<\/jats:italic>\n                    are prevalent. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that macrolides can achieve significant mammary-site exposure, including prolonged milk persistence and favorable tissue distribution, providing a pharmacological basis for potential efficacy. However, the interpretation of susceptibility is limited by the lack of validated mastitis-specific breakpoints, variable genotype\u2013phenotype concordance, regulatory restrictions, milk residue concerns, and insufficient pathogen-specific clinical outcome data. This review integrates the antibacterial basis, resistance determinants, susceptibility interpretation, regulatory constraints, mammary-site pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) considerations, biofilm potential, and antimicrobial stewardship implications for veterinary macrolides against bovine\n                    <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Overall, macrolides demonstrate biological plausibility and partial microbiological support, but their clinical utility in treating bovine mastitis remains incompletely defined. Further studies integrating mastitis-specific PK\/PD targets, pathogen-stratified clinical outcomes, and longitudinal resistance surveillance are warranted to better define the practical role of veterinary macrolides in bovine\n                    <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    mastitis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1859132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T04:32:22Z","timestamp":1782102742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Veterinary macrolides against Streptococcus agalactiae: antibacterial basis, resistance determinants, and PK\/PD implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Huan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoxin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhao","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiubo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"429","article-title":"S. agalactiae mastitis: a 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