{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:46:28Z","timestamp":1785818788592,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article offers the first social historical account of lameness in dairy cows, a problem that is widely regarded as one of the most significant threats to their welfare, health and productivity today. Grounded in detailed, critical analysis of original historical documents, it describes the changing manifestations of lameness in Britain from c.1930\u20131987, as observed, investigated and managed by British veterinarians. It highlights the low inter-war profile of lameness, and how, as dairy farming intensified in the decades after World War II, it was transformed from a sporadic problem of locomotion caused largely by \u2018foul in the foot\u2019, into a costly, multi-factorial, herd-level phenomenon associated with diverse foot pathologies. The rising prevalence and complexity of lameness, and its association with new farming practices, was first noticed and investigated by veterinary clinicians, who generated new knowledge of its causes and effects. Although largely forgotten today, their work predated and shaped research performed subsequently by veterinary scientists, who for reasons that will be explained, did not engage significantly with dairy cow lameness until the late 1970s, two decades after clinicians first drew attention to its changing characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1860297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:27:18Z","timestamp":1785817638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From veterinary practice to science: the transformation of dairy cow lameness in Britain, c.1930\u20131987"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abigail","family":"Woods","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Lincoln","place":["Lincoln, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Report on the Welfare of Dairy Cattle","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.c6672","article-title":"Lameness in UK dairy cows: a review of the current status","volume":"32","author":"Archer","year":"2010","journal-title":"In Pract"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118948538.ch33","volume-title":"Bovine Medicine","author":"Macrae","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105756","article-title":"A systematic literature review on the economic impact of endemic disease in UK sheep and cattle using a one health conceptualisation","volume":"209","author":"Whatford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7993","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7993","article-title":"Scientific opinion on the welfare of dairy cows","volume":"21","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168649","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1168649","article-title":"Livestock health and disease economics: a scoping review of selected literature","volume":"10","author":"Kappes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00065","article-title":"A cross-sectional study into the prevalence of dairy cattle lameness and associated herd-level risk factors in England and Wales","volume":"5","author":"Griffiths","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00542","article-title":"Profiling detection and classification of lameness methods in British dairy cattle research: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Afonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118000575","article-title":"Dairy cow lameness expenditures, losses and total cost","volume":"12","author":"Dolecheck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"411","volume-title":"Black\u2019s Veterinary Dictionary","author":"Miller","year":"1953"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Lameness in Cattle","author":"Greenough","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.f394","article-title":"Lameness in dairy cows: the developing story","volume":"172","author":"Sibley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315543420-9","volume-title":"Routledge History of Disease","author":"Woods","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108354929","volume-title":"A Concise History of Veterinary Medicine","author":"Jones","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0396","article-title":"Endemic cattle diseases: comparative epidemiology and governance","volume":"366","author":"Carslake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsc.2007.03.009","article-title":"The farm as clinic: veterinary expertise and the transformation of dairy farming, 1930\u20131950","volume":"38","author":"Woods","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stud Hist Phil Biol Biomed Sci"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"294","article-title":"Science, disease and dairy production in Britain, c1927\u20131980","volume":"62","author":"Woods","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric Hist Rev"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09526951251383680","article-title":"The general practitioner as epidemiologist in Britain, 1930\u20131960","author":"Steere-Williams","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hist Hum Sci"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Handbook of Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine","author":"Cockcroft","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3350182","article-title":"Disease in history: frames and framers","volume":"67","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Routledge History of Disease","author":"Jackson","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822384151","volume-title":"The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice","author":"Mol","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118997635","volume-title":"Pathological Lives: Disease, Space and Biopolitics","author":"Hinchliffe","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.02.017","article-title":"Framing disease: an underappreciated mechanism for the social patterning of health","volume":"67","author":"Aronowitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226109473.001.0001","volume-title":"Thinking about History","author":"Maza","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.122.21.505","article-title":"Digital dermatitis in dairy cattle","volume":"122","author":"Blowey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts","author":"Latour","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"Committee of Inquiry into the Veterinary Profession. Report","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"257","article-title":"Infectious pododermatitis of cattle","volume":"2","author":"McIntosh","year":"1938","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"394","volume-title":"Black\u2019s Veterinary Dictionary","author":"Miller","year":"1927"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"611","article-title":"Foul in the foot in cattle","volume":"61","author":"Franklin","year":"1949","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"687","article-title":"The treatment of foul in the foot in cattle using sulphapyridine soluble","volume":"59","author":"Davies","year":"1947","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"887","article-title":"Farm health problems\u2014where does Britain stand today?","volume":"68","author":"Hignett","year":"1956","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"974","article-title":"A statistical survey of veterinary practice","volume":"67","author":"Grunsell","year":"1955","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"Animal Health: A Centenary","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01125432","article-title":"Pure science and practical interests: the origins of the Agricultural Research Council, 1930\u20131937","volume":"31","author":"DeJager","year":"1993","journal-title":"Minerva (Torino)"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"The Real Agricultural Revolution: The Transformation of English Farming 1939\u20131985","author":"Brassley","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Diseases of Cattle. Bulletin No. 169","year":"1959"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/tcbh\/14.1.1","article-title":"Professional advantage and public health: British veterinarians and state veterinary services, 1865\u20131939","volume":"14","author":"Hardy","year":"2003","journal-title":"20 Century Br Hist"},{"key":"ref40","author":"Harper","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"Home Doctoring of Animals","author":"Leeney","year":"1952"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"1004","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"1934"},{"key":"ref43","author":"Gosling","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1220","article-title":"Diseases of the bovine foot","volume":"70","author":"Wood","year":"1960","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"191","article-title":"The latter-day history of the draught ox in England, 1770\u20131964","volume":"58","author":"Collins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric Hist Rev"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"Milk to Market","author":"Baker","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/002200948802300307","article-title":"The 1930s nutrition controversy","volume":"23","author":"Mayhew","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Contemp Hist"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Nutrition in Britain","author":"McKee","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"1212","article-title":"Symposium on diseases of the bovine foot","volume":"72","year":"1960","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"Punching above their Weight: The British Veterinary Association 1882\u20132010","author":"Boden","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Surgery of the bovine foot","volume":"70","author":"Arthur","year":"1960","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"1226","article-title":"The opener","volume":"72","author":"Greenough","year":"1960","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.k4622","article-title":"Obituary: Paul Reginald Greenough","volume":"183","author":"Blowey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Contribution to symposium on diseases of the bovine foot","volume":"72","author":"Hebeler","year":"1960","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230599963","volume-title":"The Development of Modern Agriculture: British Farming Since 1931","author":"Martin","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsc.2007.03.007","article-title":"From public service to artificial insemination: animal breeding science and reproductive research in early twentieth-century Britain","volume":"38","author":"Wilmot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stud Hist Phil Biol Biomed Sci"},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Slatted Floors: an Investigation into the Use of Slatted Floors for Dairy Cows, Heifers and Fattening Cattle","author":"Livingston","year":"1965"},{"key":"ref58","volume-title":"Animal Health and Housing","author":"Sainsbury","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Observations on some diseases of the bovine foot","volume":"74","author":"Greenough","year":"1962","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)43652-9","article-title":"Investigation into the incidence and causes of infertility in dairy cattle - influence of kale feeding, milk production and management factors associated with \u201cfarming intensity.\u201d","volume":"117","author":"Boyd","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"ref61","author":"Greenough","year":"1961"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"42","article-title":"Diseases of the bovine foot","volume":"73","author":"Baxter","year":"1961","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.79.19.541","article-title":"An outbreak of lameness of dietary origin in growing calves","volume":"79","author":"Sutherland","year":"1966","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"668","article-title":"An outbreak of lameness in a dairy herd","volume":"79","author":"Caulfield","year":"1966","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"662","article-title":"Observations on acute laminitis of cattle in South Hampshire","volume":"77","author":"Maclean","year":"1965","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref66","author":"Maclean","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref67","volume-title":"Diseases of Cattle. Bulletin No. 169","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref68","volume-title":"Report for the Year 1956\u201357","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2023.20","article-title":"Ways of knowing the health of livestock populations: the age of surveys, 1928\u20131965","volume":"67","author":"Woods","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Hist"},{"key":"ref70","volume-title":"Disease, Wastage and Husbandry in the British Dairy Herd: Report of a National Survey in 1957\u201358","author":"Leech","year":"1960"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"298","article-title":"Meeting report: 22 January 1965","volume":"77","year":"1965","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Meeting report: 2 July 1965","volume":"77","year":"1965","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)40602-6","article-title":"The importance of cattle diseases in the United Kingdom in relation to the research carried out upon them","volume":"122","author":"Payne","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"ref74","volume-title":"Report 1969","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref75","volume-title":"Report for the year 1969\u20131970","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"61","article-title":"Conference on foot disorders","volume":"76","year":"1964","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref77","volume-title":"Report. Cmd. 6451","year":"1946"},{"key":"ref78","volume-title":"Report to the Univbersity Grants Committee","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300002994","article-title":"Clinical trials and the reorganization of medical research in post-second world war Britain","volume":"52","author":"Valier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Hist"},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"Historical Perspectives on the Role of the Medical Research Council","author":"Booth","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref81","author":"Owen","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.91.1.1","article-title":"Some observations on the incidence of lameness in dairy cattle in West Cheshire","volume":"91","author":"Prentice","year":"1972","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.106.7.140","article-title":"Some observations on the incidence of lameness in dairy cattle in Somerset","volume":"106","author":"Eddy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33878-5","article-title":"Growth and wear rates of hoof horn in Ayrshire cattle","volume":"14","author":"Prentice","year":"1973","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.94.13.293","article-title":"Intravenous regional anaesthesia of the bovine foot","volume":"94","author":"Prentice","year":"1974","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref86","volume-title":"Glasgow Veterinary School 1862\u20132012","author":"Yam","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref87","volume-title":"Academic General Practice in the UK Medical Schools, 1948\u20132000: A Short History","author":"Howie","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"A fond farewell to a founder: obituary for A. David Weaver British Cattle Veterinary Association","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.90.10.288","article-title":"Some aspects of cattle lameness","volume":"90","author":"Weaver","year":"1972","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.85.19.504","article-title":"Hip lameness in cattle","volume":"85","author":"Weaver","year":"1969","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.89.11.288","article-title":"Solar penetration in cattle: its complications and economic loss in one herd","volume":"89","author":"Weaver","year":"1971","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.95.6.115","article-title":"Lameness in cattle: the interdigital space","volume":"95","author":"Weaver","year":"1974","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100.9.172","article-title":"Slaughterhouse condemnations for hind leg disease in cattle","volume":"100","author":"Weaver","year":"1977","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"327","article-title":"Combining research with veterinary practice","volume":"19","author":"Rossdale","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref95","volume-title":"Abnormal Foot Conditions in Ruminants: Report of the First Symposium","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"19","article-title":"Twenty five years of digital symposia \u2013 fact, fiction and the future proceedings of the 17th international symposium and 9th international conference on lameness in ruminants","author":"Blowey","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref97","volume-title":"Report 1984\u20131986","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"156","article-title":"The involvement of the farm animal veterinarian in animal welfare","volume":"1","author":"Llewellyn","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Study Anim Probl"},{"key":"ref99","volume-title":"Animal Machines: The New Factory Farming Industry","author":"Harrison","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref100","volume-title":"Report of the Technical Committee to Enquire into the Welfare of Animals Kept under Intensive Livestock Husbandry Systems (Brambell Report)","year":"1965"},{"key":"ref101","volume-title":"Codes of Recommendations for the Welfare of Livestock: Cattle","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref102","volume-title":"Food from Our Own Resources","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref103","volume-title":"Statistical Epidemiology in Veterinary Science","author":"Leech","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref104","volume-title":"Epidemiology in Veterinary Practice","author":"Schwabe","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.112.3.51","article-title":"Development of veterinary epidemiology","volume":"112","author":"Davies","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.5.668","article-title":"Choosing a future for epidemiology I: eras and paradigms","volume":"86","author":"Susser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref107","volume-title":"Report. Cmnd 4190","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hks031","article-title":"Is prevention better than cure? The rise and fall of veterinary preventive medicine, c1950\u20131980","volume":"26","author":"Woods","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Hist Med"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16053","DOI":"10.1057\/palcomms.2016.53","article-title":"The Rothschild Report (1971) and the purpose of government-funded R&D: a personal account","volume":"2","author":"Parker","year":"1971","journal-title":"Palgrave Commun"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.95.6.113","article-title":"Lameness in cattle","volume":"95","year":"1974","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.87.6.150","article-title":"The use of a metabolic profile test in dairy herds","volume":"87","author":"Payne","year":"1970","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref112","volume-title":"Report","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref113","volume-title":"Animal Disease Surveillance in Great Britain: Report of a MAFF Working Party","author":"Davies","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.111.8.155","article-title":"Survey of lameness in British dairy cattle","volume":"111","author":"Russell","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"1348","article-title":"A study of epidemiology","volume":"74","author":"Watson","year":"1962","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"463","article-title":"The veterinary clinical observation unit","volume":"77","year":"1965","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref117","article-title":"Minutes of the inaugural meeting","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref118","first-page":"502","article-title":"Teaching preventive medicine","volume":"112","author":"Davies","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(88)90088-7","article-title":"A dairy herd health and productivity service","volume":"144","author":"Kelly","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.113.3.60","article-title":"Incidence of lameness in dairy cows","volume":"113","author":"Whitaker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.113.19.441","article-title":"Effects of season, herd size, management system and veterinary practice on the lameness incidence in dairy cattle","volume":"113","author":"Rowlands","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.117.22.576","article-title":"Effects of stage of lactation, month, age, origin and heart girth on lameness in dairy cattle","volume":"117","author":"Rowlands","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.118.10.259","article-title":"Effect of wet weather on lameness in dairy cattle","volume":"118","author":"Williams","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref124","volume-title":"Open Days 82","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref125","volume-title":"Report for 1982\u20131983","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.111.17.394","article-title":"Effects of regular formalin footbaths on the incidence of foot lameness in dairy cattle","volume":"111","author":"Davies","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref127","first-page":"176","article-title":"Summaries of papers: lameness in cattle","volume":"103","year":"1978","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref128","first-page":"194","article-title":"British cattle veterinary association: a report on the 1980 annual conference","volume":"15","author":"Andrews","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bovine Pract"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)31799-2","article-title":"Lameness in cattle","volume":"137","author":"Baggott","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.4.5.133","article-title":"Hoof lameness in dairy cattle","volume":"4","author":"Baggott","year":"1982","journal-title":"In Pract"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(85)90123-X","article-title":"Lameness in cattle\u2014investigational and diagnostic check lists","volume":"141","author":"Weaver","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029900024602","article-title":"Short-term associations between disease and milk yield of dairy cows","volume":"53","author":"Lucey","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Dairy Res"},{"key":"ref133","volume-title":"Annual Report","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref134","volume-title":"Rural Politics","author":"Winter","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243906291865","article-title":"The linear model of innovation: the historical construction of an analytical framework","volume":"31","author":"Godin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci Technol Hum Values"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2018.12.005","article-title":"Expertise in rural development: a conceptual and empirical analysis","volume":"116","author":"Lowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1086\/658660","article-title":"Practice and the science of medicine in the nineteenth century","volume":"102","author":"Worboys","year":"2011","journal-title":"Isis"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18849\/ve.v10i3.710","article-title":"Evidence-based veterinary medicine at 20: historical, philosophical, practical and ethical aspects","volume":"10","author":"Mills","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Evid"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d5387","article-title":"Veterinary field expertise: using knowledge gained on the job","volume":"169","author":"Proctor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9523.2010.00520.x","article-title":"Veterinary realities: what is foot and mouth disease?","volume":"51","author":"Law","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sociol Rural"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-5661.2011.00452.x","article-title":"The local universality of veterinary expertise and the geography of animal disease","volume":"37","author":"Enticott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans Inst Br Geogr"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/geoj.12341","article-title":"Mapping careful epidemiology: spatialities, materialities and subjectivities in the management of animal disease","volume":"186","author":"Enticott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geogr J"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e941","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.941","article-title":"Exploring farmers\u2019 understanding of and responses to endemic animal health and welfare issues in the UK","volume":"189","author":"Mahon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Rec"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1860297\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:27:33Z","timestamp":1785817653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1860297\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":143,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1860297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1860297","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"article-number":"1860297"}}