{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:00:57Z","timestamp":1781067657703,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Corticosteroid-antibiotic combinations are commonly used in veterinary ophthalmic practice, yet the potential for corticosteroids to modulate antimicrobial susceptibility remains incompletely characterized. This study evaluated the\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      effects of fluorometholone (FML) on the antimicrobial susceptibility of three major canine ocular pathogens\u2014\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2014and compared its interaction profile with that of dexamethasone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty clinical isolates from dogs with bacterial keratitis were tested using standardized broth microdilution assays with 17 ophthalmic antibiotics at increasing FML concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg\/mL). Changes in median minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and susceptibility distributions were analyzed using the Friedman test and Cochran\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                      test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      FML exposure produced selective, species- and antibiotic-dependent effects.\n                      <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed significant MIC increases for amikacin, ticarcillin, and tobramycin, with susceptibility reductions identified for amikacin and ticarcillin.\n                      <jats:italic>S. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      demonstrated the most pronounced alterations, with significant MIC increases for seven antibiotics\u2014neomycin, oxytetracycline, amikacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tobramycin, and ofloxacin\u2014and corresponding susceptibility reductions for several agents.\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibited minimal changes, with no statistically significant alterations in either MIC or susceptibility analysis. Ciprofloxacin consistently maintained stable MIC values and susceptibility classifications across all three species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FML selectively modulated antimicrobial susceptibility in a species- and antibiotic-dependent manner, with a more restricted interaction profile than dexamethasone. Aminoglycosides demonstrated the greatest susceptibility variability, whereas ciprofloxacin maintained stable activity across all species, suggesting that it may represent a compatible option when concurrent FML use is clinically considered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1860758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T04:29:18Z","timestamp":1781065758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fluorometholone\u2013antibiotic interactions in canine ocular bacteria: in vitro susceptibility changes in common corneal infection pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Donghee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery and Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Cheonan Animal Medical Center","place":["Cheonan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Seung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery and Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Ulsan S Animal Medical Center","place":["Ulsan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery and Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Clear Eye Animal Clinic","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Mee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery and Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583965","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.583965","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from dogs with ulcerative keratitis in midwestern United States","volume":"7","author":"Hewitt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12480","article-title":"Septic keratitis in dogs, cats, and horses in Switzerland: associated bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility","volume":"21","author":"Suter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2147\/VMRR.S66705","article-title":"Immune-mediated keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs: current perspectives on management","volume":"6","author":"Dodi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13702","article-title":"Local delivery of corticosteroids in clinical ophthalmology: a review","volume":"48","author":"Fung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1980.01020040429006","article-title":"Comparative ocular pressure elevation by medrysone, fluorometholone, and dexamethasone phosphate","volume":"98","author":"Mindel","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1975.01010020439008","article-title":"Penetration of fluorometholone into the cornea and aqueous humor","volume":"93","author":"Kupferman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.3.361","article-title":"Pharmacological validation of a feline model of steroid-induced ocular hypertension","volume":"117","author":"Bhattacherjee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104840","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of 0.1% fluorometholone and 1% prednisolone on intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test in equine eye","volume":"128","author":"Atai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1159\/000304100","article-title":"Combined use of antibiotics and corticosteroids","volume":"141","author":"Dekking","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010004","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of combinatorial treatment formulations of anti-inflammatory drugs-common antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria","volume":"15","author":"Tabatabaeifar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13315","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13315","article-title":"Dexamethasone-antibiotic interactions in canine ocular Bacteria: in vitro susceptibility changes in common corneal infection pathogens","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.5.16","article-title":"Corticosteroid-antibiotic interactions in bacteria that cause corneal infection","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of various solvents on bacterial growth in context of determining MIC of various antimicrobials","volume":"7","author":"Wadhwani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2010.01030.x","article-title":"Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins: basic science and product development","volume":"62","author":"Loftsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"CLSI VET01S","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"CLSI M100","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11080985","article-title":"Pseudomonas fluorescens complex and its intrinsic, adaptive, and acquired antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in pristine and human-impacted sites","volume":"11","author":"Silverio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.4.981","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a survey of resistance in 136 hospitals in Spain. The Spanish Pseudomonas aeruginosa study group","volume":"43","author":"Bouza","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.05.005","article-title":"Immune responses to injury and their links to eye disease","volume":"236","author":"Stepp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620284","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.620284.","article-title":"Resident innate immune cells in the cornea","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346821","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1346821","article-title":"Ocular surface immune transcriptome and tear cytokines in corneal infection patients","volume":"14","author":"Alenezi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(02)00297-8","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in the side effects of glucocorticoids","volume":"96","author":"Sch\u00e4cke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571350","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.571350","article-title":"Tear film pharmacokinetics and systemic absorption following topical administration of 1% prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension in dogs","volume":"7","author":"Sebbag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1860758\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T04:29:19Z","timestamp":1781065759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1860758\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1860758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1860758","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"article-number":"1860758"}}