{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:19:57Z","timestamp":1791325197187,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008675","name":"Zayed University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is endemic in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region causing major threat to dairy production and milk consumers. This paper presents a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of bTB prevalence and\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      clonal complexes in the MENA region based on studies published between 2000 and 2025.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and relevant regional databases. Thirty-eight studies met the criteria and included in the meta-analysis. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled prevalence. Additional analyses were done on sensitivity, meta-regression, and publication bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 38 studies comprising 100,094 animals and 2,830 confirmed bTB cases were included in the meta-analysis. Screening test-based pooled prevalence was 5.3% (95% CI: 2.5\u201310.7%) while confirmatory test-based pooled prevalence was 2.3% (95% CI: 1.4\u20133.7%). Based on confirmatory test, higher pooled prevalence was recorded in the Middle East (5%) than in the North Africa (2%) while the pooled prevalence in Egypt (1%) was lower than the pooled prevalence (5%) of the other MENA countries. High heterogeneity (\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f&amp;gt;\u202f99%) was observed among prevalence reported by the confirmatory test and the sources of heterogeneity were identified to be country\u2019s prevalence report and sample size based on meta-regression analysis. Confirmatory test-based sensitivity analysis demonstrated robustness the pooled prevalence while Egger\u2019s regression test showed the presence of publication bias (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.001) that was confirmed by Trim and Fill analysis which suggested the presence of missing studies that lead to underestimation of pooled prevalence. Molecular analysis of 590\n                      <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates showed that the European 2 (Eu2) clonal complex was predominant (63.6%), followed by Eu1 (9.7%) and Eu3 (6.6%), while 20.2% of isolates could not be assigned to known clonal complexes. The most reported spoligotypes were SB0120, SB0121, and SB0134.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Low pooled prevalence with high heterogeneity was recorded in the MENA region. The dominance of European clonal complexes of\n                      <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      could suggest historical its introduction with cattle importation. Substantial gaps in prevalence warrants for more surveillance studies in order to establish the national prevalence in each country.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Mycobacterium bovis in Animals in the Middle East and North Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [CRD420261326357].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1861602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T04:33:58Z","timestamp":1782102838000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bovine tuberculosis in the Middle East and North Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence and Mycobacterium bovis clonal complexes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tsegaye","family":"Shamebo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University","place":["Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aboma","family":"Zewude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temesgen","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabeeha Abdelgaleel","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Saleh","family":"Albreiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity Affairs Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture & Food Safety Authority","place":["Mohamed Bin Zayed City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yassir Mohammed","family":"Eltahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA)","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atef","family":"Oreiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University","place":["Kafr El-Sheik, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Barigye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markos","family":"Tibbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subregional Office for the Gulf-Cooperation Council States and Yemen, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United 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