{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:01:59Z","timestamp":1784541719794,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid and Santander Universidades - Fundaci\u00f3n Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio","award":["PEJD-2019-PRE\/BMD-16840"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PEJD-2019-PRE\/BMD-16840"]}]},{"name":"national research project SANICOVID"},{"name":"European Union's H2020 Program","award":["JIP06-COVID19-COVRIN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JIP06-COVID19-COVRIN"]}]},{"name":"Santander Universidades - Fundaci\u00f3n Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio","award":["1.011.115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.011.115"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV20\/01398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV20\/01398"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This exploratory study investigated SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics and risk factors in companion animals from COVID-19-positive households in Madrid, Spain. The research was conducted during the early pandemic lockdown, providing a unique scenario of intensified human-animal cohabitation within domestic \u201ctransmission units.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 87 pets (18 cats and 69 dogs) were enrolled through voluntary recruitment in veterinary clinics in Madrid. Exposure was assessed using RT-qPCR from nasopharyngeal swabs and the detection of specific IgM\/IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Humoral immunity against common canine pathogens (CAV, CPV, and CDV) was also evaluated. Owners completed epidemiological questionnaires regarding pet habits, environment, and owner-reported clinical signs to assess potential risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      While all animals were negative by RT-qPCR, specific antibodies were detected in 27.8% (5\/18; 95% CI: 12.5\u201350.9%) of cats and 30.4% (21\/69; 95% CI: 20.8\u201342.1%) of dogs. Seroprevalence was comparable between households of healthcare and non-healthcare workers (36.4% vs. 33.3% in dogs). No significant associations were found between individual risk factors and SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. However, in dogs, reported symptoms were significantly associated (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05) with vaccination status, social contact, and diet. Notably, a strong and highly significant association (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001; V\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.6) was observed between SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity and antibodies against common canine pathogens (CAV, CPV, and CDV).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These exploratory findings suggest that pets are integral members of domestic transmission units, showing high exposure levels regardless of the owner\u2019s healthcare professional status. The correlation observed with endemic canine pathogens may be associated with the pet\u2019s immune background, although this requires further mechanistic validation through longitudinal studies. Given the limited sample size, particularly in the feline cohort, these results offer preliminary insights into the multifactorial nature of infection at the human-animal interface and support the value of integrated One Health surveillance to enhance global preparedness against zoonotic threats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1862845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T09:05:21Z","timestamp":1784538321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 at the human-pet interface: transmission and pre-existing immunity in pets within infected households"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Beatriz Davinia","family":"Tomeo-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (UIB-UAX), Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Mendez-Echevarria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious and Tropical Diseases, La Paz University Hospital, La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research in the Infectious Diseases Network (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Delgado-Bonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (UIB-UAX), Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow","place":["Glasgow, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Clavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC","place":["Valdeolmos, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"de la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC","place":["Valdeolmos, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious and Tropical Diseases, La Paz University Hospital, La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research in the Infectious Diseases Network (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC","place":["Valdeolmos, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovita","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pinero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC","place":["Valdeolmos, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Llorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC","place":["Valdeolmos, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tal\u00eda","family":"Sainz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious and Tropical Diseases, La Paz University Hospital, La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research in the Infectious Diseases Network (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Aguilera-Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC","place":["Valdeolmos, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Alcolea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious and Tropical Diseases, La Paz University Hospital, La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Escolano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious and Tropical Diseases, La Paz University Hospital, La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cano-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC","place":["Valdeolmos, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC","place":["Valdeolmos, 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